Periodic solutions of linear, Riccati, and Abel dynamic equations (Q1630596)

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Periodic solutions of linear, Riccati, and Abel dynamic equations
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    Periodic solutions of linear, Riccati, and Abel dynamic equations (English)
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    10 December 2018
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    The following time scale dynamic equations are considered: \textbf{Linear case:} \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)+b(t)x,\tag{1} \] \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)-b(t)x^{\sigma}.\tag{2} \] \textbf{Riccati case:} \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)+b(t)x+c(t)xx^{\sigma},\tag{3} \] \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)-b(t)x^{\sigma}+c(t)xx^{\sigma},\tag{4} \] \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)-b(t)x^{\sigma}-c(t)\frac{x^2}{1+\mu(t)c(t)x}.\tag{5} \] \textbf{Abel case:} \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)+b(t)x+c(t)xx^{\sigma}+d(t)x^2x^{\sigma},\tag{6} \] \[ x^{\Delta}=a(t)-b(t)x^{\sigma}+c(t)xx^{\sigma}+d(t)x^2x^{\sigma}, \tag{7} \] where \(a,b,c,d\in C_{\mathrm{rd}}(\mathbb{T, R})\) are \(\omega\)-periodic on an \(\omega\)-periodic time scale \(\mathbb{T}\) and \(d\neq 0\). The authors prove the following main results: {\parindent=10mm \begin{itemize}\item[(I):] If \(b\) is regressive, then any of the dynamic equations (1) or (2) has either no periodic solution, or one periodic solutions, or a continuum of periodic solutions. \item[(II):] Any of the Riccati dynamic equations (3), (4), or (5) with \(\mathbb{T}\in\{\mathbb{R, Z},{\mathbb{N}}_0\}\) has either no periodic solution, one or two periodic solutions, or a continuum of periodic solutions. \item[(III):] For the Abel dynamic equations (6) or (7) with \(\mathbb{T}={\mathbb{N}}_0\) and \(\omega\in \mathbb{N}\), there exist an equation of any of the two given forms with at least \(\omega-1\) periodic solutions. \end{itemize}} To prove item (III) above, the authors introduce, for the first time, the time scale version of the Melnikov function.
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    linear, Riccati and Abel differential and difference equations
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    time scales
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    periodic function
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    Melnikov function
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