Philos-type oscillation criteria for linear differential equations with impulsive effects (Q1630609)

The Philos oscillation criterion says the following: Let \(D=\{(t,s):t_0\leq s\leq t\}\) and let \(H:D\to[0,\infty)\) be a continuous function, which is such that \[ H(t,t)=0\text{ for }t\geq t_0, \qquad H(t,s)>0\text{ for }t>s\geq t_0 \] and has a continuous and non-positive partial derivative on \(D\) with respect to the second variable \(s\). Moreover, let \(h:D\to[0,\infty)\) be a continuous function with \[ \frac{\partial}{\partial s}H(t,s)=-h(t,s)\sqrt{H(t,s)}\quad\text{for all }(t,s)\in D. \] Then the Hill's equation \[ x''+q(t)x=0\tag{1} \] is oscillatory if \[ \limsup_{t\to\infty}\frac{1}{H(t,t_0)}\int_{t_0}^t\left\{H(t,s)q(s)-\frac{1}{4}h^2(t,s)\right\}\mathrm{d}s=\infty.\tag{2} \] This paper deals with the problem of Philos-type oscillation for the impulsive Hill's equation \[ \begin{aligned} &x''+q(t)x=0,\qquad t\neq\theta_k,\\ &\Delta x(t)=0,\quad\Delta x'(t)+b_kx(t)=0,\qquad t=\theta_k \end{aligned}\tag{3} \] by extending the existing results by Philos to the impulsive equations. Eq. (3) can be regarded as an equation of motion in which the moving speed of a mass point changes sharply by some influence. It is proved that there is a case that the mass point may oscillate due to the influence of the impulsive effect even if the mass point does not oscillate in the model removing the impulsive effect. It is also shown that the obtained results generalize some previous ones through the use of an example. In fact, in 2009, the reviewer [in: Further progress in analysis. Proceedings of the 6th international ISAAC congress, Ankara, Turkey, August 13--18, 2007. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. 545--554 (2009; Zbl 1185.34038)] was concerned with the problem of oscillation of second-order non-linear impulsive differential equation of the form \[ \begin{aligned} &(r(t)\psi(x)\Phi_\alpha(x'))'+p(t)\psi(x)\Phi_\alpha(x')+q(t)f(x)=0, \quad t\neq\theta_k;\\ &\Delta x(t)=0,\quad\Delta(r\psi(x)\Phi_\alpha(x'))+q_kf(x)=0 \quad t=\theta_k, \end{aligned}\tag{4} \] where \(\Phi_\alpha(s):=|s|^{\alpha-1}s\). It is assumed without further mention that \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(\alpha>0\) is a constant; \item[(ii)] \(\{\theta_k\}\) is a strictly increasing unbounded sequence of real numbers; \(\{q_k\}\) is a real sequence; \item[(iii)] \(r,p,q\in\mathrm{PLC}[t_0,\infty):= \big\{u: [t_0,\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb R\) is continuous on each interval \((\theta_k,\theta_{k+1})\), \(u(\theta_k^\pm)\) exist, \(u(\theta_k)=u(\theta_k^-)\) for \(k\in \mathbb N \big\}\); \(r(t)>0\); \item[(iv)] \(\psi\in C(\mathbb{R})\), \(f\in C^1(\mathbb{R})\) with \(\psi(s)>0\), \(sf(s)>0\) for \(s\neq0\) and \[ \frac{f'(s)}{(\psi(s)|f(s)|^{\alpha-1})^{1/\alpha}}\geq K_\alpha \tag{5} \] is satisfied; \(K_\alpha>0\) is a constant. \end{itemize} The results obtained in [loc. cit.] are the more general than those obtained in the current paper since Eq. (3) reduces to Eq. (4) when \(\psi(u)\equiv1\), \(r(t)\equiv1\), \(\alpha=1\), \(p(t)=0\) and \(f(u)=u\) with \(K_\alpha=K_1=1\). We think that the authors missed this work with reason that it was published in a proceeding book which is not open access.