Homogeneous quasi-translations in dimension 5 (Q1646653)

Let us start from definitions: Let \(x\) be an \(n\)-tuple \((x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)\) of variables, \(\mathrm{Jac}(F)\) mean the Jacobian matrix of a polynomial map \(F = (F_1,F_2,\ldots,F_m)\) with respect to \(x\), in general \(m\neq n\) , i.e. \[ \mathrm{Jac}( F) = \begin{pmatrix} \partial{}{x_1} F_1 & \partial{}{x_2} F_1 & \cdots & \partial{}{x_n} F_1 \\ \partial{}{x_1} F_2 & \partial{}{x_2} F_2 & \cdots & \partial{}{x_n} F_2 \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ \partial{}{x_1} F_m & \partial{}{x_2} F_m & \cdots & \partial{}{x_n} F_m \end{pmatrix} \] \(\mathrm{Hess }f\) for the Hessian matrix of a polynomial \(f\) with respect to \(x\), i.e. \[ \mathrm{Hess }f = \begin{pmatrix} \partial^2{}{x_1} f & \partial{}{x_2} \partial{}{x_1} f & \cdots & \partial{}{x_n} \partial{}{x_1} f \\ \partial{}{x_1} \partial{}{x_2} f & \partial^2{}{x_2} f & \cdots & \partial{}{x_n} \partial{}{x_2} f \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \partial{}{x_1} \partial{}{x_n} f & \partial{}{x_2} \partial{}{x_n} f & \cdots & \partial^2{}{x_n} f \end{pmatrix} \] We see a polynomial \(f\) as a polynomial with only one component, so \[ \mathrm{Jac}(f) = \Big( \partial{}{x_1} f ~ \partial{}{x_2} f ~ \cdots ~ \partial{}{x_n} \Big) \] and write \(\nabla f = (\mathrm{Jac }f)^t\);\ \({*}^t\) means transpsisition. So \[ \mathrm{Hess}( f) = \mathrm{Jac} (\nabla f) \] Just like with \(x\), we will write \(y\) for another \(n\)-tuple \((y_1,y_2,\ldots,y_n)\) of variables. But unlike \(x\) and \(y\), \(t\) will be just a single variable. Let \(F = x + H\) be a polynomial map from \({\mathbb C}^n\) to \({\mathbb C}^n\). \(F\) is a \textbf{quasi-translation} if \(2x - F = x - H\) is the inverse of \(F = x + H\). The condition that \(x - H\) is the inverse of \(x + H\) is automatically fulfilled if \(\deg H = 0\), in which case \(x + H\) is a regular translation. So a quasi-translation is a polynomial map which is characterized by a property of a regular translation. Many researchers study such type of polynomial maps, for example it appears in many papers dealing with famous Jacobian conjecture (for example reduction to cubic homogeneous case, see for details [\textit{A. van den Essen}, Polynomial automorphisms and the Jacobian conjecture. Basel: Birkhäuser (2000; Zbl 0962.14037)]) The authors provide a reproof of the following pretty classical result by Paul Gordan and Max Nöther (from the abstract): ``A homogeneous quasi-translation in dimension \(5\) without linear invariants would be linearly conjugate to another such quasi-translation \(x + H\), for which \(H_5\) is algebraically independent over \(\mathbb C\) of \(H_1, H_2, H_3, H_4\). Just like Gordan and Nöther, we apply this result to classify all homogeneous polynomials \(h\) in \(5\) indeterminates from which the Hessian determinant is zero. Others claim to have reproved `the result of Gordan and Nöther in \(\mathbb P^4\)' as well, but some of them assume that \(h\) is irreducible, which Gordan and Nöther did not. Furthermore, they do not use the above result about homogeneous quasi-translations in dimension \(5\) for their classifications.'' (Reviewer's remark: There is however one paper which could use this result very well, to fix a gap caused by an error.) ``We derive some other properties which \(H\) would have. One of them is that \(\deg H \geq 15\), for which we give a proof which is less computational than another proof of it by Dayan Liu. Furthermore, we show that the Zariski closure of the image of \(H\) would be an irreducible component of \(V(H)\), and prove that every other irreducible component of \(V(H)\) would be a \(3\)-dimensional linear subspace of \(\mathbb C^5\) which contains the fifth standard basis unit vector.''