A birational embedding of an algebraic curve into a projective plane with two Galois points (Q1663511)

The notion of a ``Galois point'' of an algebraic curve was introduced by Yoshihara in 1996 and can be described as follows. Let \(C\) be an irreducible smooth projective curve defined over an algebraically closed field \(K\) of characteristic \(p \geq 0\). Let \(K(C)\) be the corresponding function field. Let \(P\) be a point in \(\mathbb{P}^2\) and \(\varphi\) a rational map for \(C\) to \(\mathbb{P}^2\) being birational onto its image. A point \(P \in \mathbb{P}^2\) is a Galois point for \(\varphi(C)\) if the function field extension \(K(\varphi(C))/{\pi_P}^*K(\mathbb{P}^1)\) induced by the projection \(\pi_P\) is Galois. If \(P\) is a smooth point of \(\varphi(C)\) (resp. contained in \(\mathbb{P}^2 \setminus \varphi(C)\)) then it is said to be inner (resp. outer). If \(P\) is a Galois point, then the corresponding Galois group will be denoted with \(G_P\). One of the most interesting problems in studying Galois points is to determine the number of Galois points that a plane curve can have. For smooth plane curves, this number was determined by \textit{H. Yoshihara} [J. Algebra 239, No. 1, 340--355 (2001; Zbl 1064.14023)] and \textit{S. Fukasawa} [Rend. Semin. Mat. Univ. Padova 129, 93--113 (2013; Zbl 1273.14066)]. Not so many examples of singular plane curves \(C\) having two Galois points are known, but following the works of Yoshihara, Takahashi and Terasoma characterizations are known for \(C\) to have \(2\) Galois points. In this paper applications of these results for rational and elliptic curves are presented. More precisely it is shown that if \(p \neq 2\), then there exist a morphism \(\varphi: \mathbb{P}^1 \rightarrow \mathbb{P}^2\) which is biratonal onto its image, such that {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[--] \(\deg(\varphi(C))=5\), \(\varphi(C)\) admits two Galois points \(\varphi(P_1)\) and \(\varphi(P_2)\) such that \(G_{\varphi(P_i)}\) is cyclic of order \(4\), for \(i=1,2\) and \(p \neq 3\); \item[--] \(\deg(\varphi(C))=5\), \(\varphi(C)\) admits two Galois points \(\varphi(P_1)\) and \(\varphi(P_2)\) such that \(G_{\varphi(P_i)} \cong (\mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z})^{\oplus 2}\), for \(i=1,2\); \item[--]\(\deg(\varphi(C))=5\), \(\varphi(C)\) admits two Galois points \(\varphi(P_1)\) and \(\varphi(P_2)\) such that \(G_{\varphi(P_1)}\) is cyclic of order \(4\) and \(G_{\varphi(P_2)} \cong (\mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z})^{\oplus 2}\); \item[--] \(\deg(\varphi(C))=6\), \(\varphi(C)\) admits two Galois points \(\varphi(P_1)\) and \(\varphi(P_2)\) such that \(G_{\varphi(P_i)}\) is cyclic of order \(5\), for \(i=1,2\). \end{itemize}} As an application, it is shown in Theorem 3 that if \(p \neq 3\) and \(E \subset \mathbb{P}^2\) is the curve defined by \(X^3+Y^3+Z^3=0\), then there exists a morphism \(\varphi: E \rightarrow \mathbb{P}^2\) which is birational onto its image with \(\deg(\varphi(C))=4\), such that \(\varphi(E)\) admits two inner Galois points.