Completely \(p\)-primitive binary quadratic forms (Q1668860)

Let \(f(x,y)=ax^2+bxy+cy^2\) be a binary quadratic form with integer coefficients. The discriminant is \(D=b^2-4ac\). Assume \(D\) is not a square and that \(f\) is primitive, that is, \((a,b,c)=1\). Let \(p\) be a prime not dividing \(D\). An integer \(N\) is \(p\)-primitively represented by \(f\) if \(f(x,y)=N\) has an integer solution \((x,y)=(m,n)\) with \((m,n,p)=1\). Call \(f\) completely \(p\)-primitive if every integer \(N\) represented by by \(f\) is in fact \(p\)-primitively represented. B. W. Jones (1928, unpublished thesis) proved that if an odd prime \(p\) is represented by \(x^2+ky^2\), \(k\) a positive integer prime to \(p\), then \(x^2+ky^2\) is completely \(p\)-primitive. The goal of this paper is to generalize Jones' result. Note that if \(D\) is not a square modulo \(p\) then no multiple of \(p\) is \(p\)-primitively represented by \(f\). So assume \(D\) is a square modulo \(p\). Let \([f]\) denote the \(\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb Z)\)-equivalence class of \(f\). The set of classes of primitive binary forms of discriminant \(D\) form a group \(\mathfrak G_D\). Let \(I_D\) be the identity of \(\mathfrak G_D\). Let \(p\) be a prime not dividing \(D\) with \(D\) a square modulo \(p\). The authors show: (1) If \(p^2\) is \(p\)-primitively represented by \(I_D\) then \(f\) is completely \(p\)-primitive. (2) Assume \(D<0\). If \(p^2\) is not \(p\)-primitively represented by \(I_D\) then \(f\) is completely \(p\)-primitive if and only if \([f]\) has order 4 in \(\mathfrak G_D\) and \(p^2\) is \(p\)-primitively represented by \([f]^2\).