Analogues of Jacobi's derivative formula. II (Q1688184)

This paper is the continuation of the investigation of the degree 1 theta functions defined by \[ \theta\bigg[{\varepsilon \atop \varepsilon'}\bigg](\zeta,\tau)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\mathbf{e}\Big(\big(n+\tfrac{\varepsilon}{2}\big)^{2}\tfrac{\tau}{2}+ \big(n+\tfrac{\varepsilon}{2}\big)\big(\zeta+\tfrac{\varepsilon'}{2}\big)\Big)\qquad \mathrm{with}\quad\mathbf{e}(z)=e^{2\pi iz}, \] as well as their values and derivatives at \(\zeta=0\), in a method similar to one that appears in the previous paper with the same name by the same author in the same journal. The only non-vanishing case of integral characteristics is already covered in the classical Jacobi's derivative formula, expressing the theta derivative \(\theta'\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1\end{bmatrix}(0,\tau)\) as \(-\pi\) times the product of \(\theta\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0\end{bmatrix} (0,\tau)\), \(\theta\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1\end{bmatrix}(0,\tau)\), and \(\theta\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0\end{bmatrix}(0,\tau)\). The previous paper involved the theta derivatives with characteristics \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1/2\end{bmatrix}\), \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1/4 \end{bmatrix}\), and \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 3/4 \end{bmatrix}\). The current one considers similar characteristics, but in which the lower entry lies in \(\big\{\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3},\frac{1}{5},\frac{3}{5},\frac{2}{5},\frac{4}{5}\big\}\), as well as revisits those with \(\frac{1}{4}\) and \(\frac{3}{4}\). The idea of proof is using the space of \(N\)th order theta functions defined by Farkas and Kra, which is known to be \(N\)-dimensional, and identifying quotients of functions from such spaces as constants since they are elliptic functions with no poles. The resulting identities give expressions for the theta derivatives of the desired rational characteristics as rational functions in theta constants, thus providing partial answers for an old question of Mumford about the relations between theta derivatives of rational characteristics and theta constants. Several properties of degree 1 theta functions are also used the calculations. A few consequences about the Fourier expansions of certain eta quotients (some of them are well-known, but with different proofs) are also established. Unlike the previous paper, which contained some polynomial expressions in the theta constants, here all the expressions are true rational functions in the theta constants. This paper is divided into 6 sections. Section 1 is the Introduction, including the definitions of the symbols involved. Section 2 presents the required properties of general (degree 1) theta functions with characteristics and \(N\)th order theta functions. Section 3 considers the characteristics \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1/3\end{bmatrix}\) and \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2/3 \end{bmatrix}\). Section 4 revisits the characteristics \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1/4 \end{bmatrix}\), and \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 3/4 \end{bmatrix}\), now giving rational function expressions complementing those that appear in the previous paper. Section 5 investigates the characteristics \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1/5 \end{bmatrix}\), and \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 3/5 \end{bmatrix}\), while the expressions arising from the characteristics \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2/5 \end{bmatrix}\), and \(\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 4/5 \end{bmatrix}\) appear in Section 6. Each of the latter four sections begins with obtaining linear relations between \(N\)th order theta functions, from comparing which the required expressions easily follow, and continues with applications to additional formulae. For part I, see [\textit{K. Matsuda}, Ramanujan J. 39, No. 1, 31--47 (2016; Zbl 1332.14056)].