Traces of Besov, Triebel-Lizorkin and Sobolev spaces on metric spaces (Q1689544)

This paper deals with the trace theorem of the Besov spaces \(\dot{\mathcal{B}}^s_{p,q}\) and the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces \(\dot{\mathcal{F}}^s_{p,q}\) for smoothness indices \(s\in(0,1)\), as well as the first-order Hajłasz-Sobolev space \(\dot M^{1,p}\) on general Ahlfors regular metric spaces \(Z\). To be precise, let \(Z:=(Z,d,\mu)\) be a \(Q\)-Ahlfors regular metric measure space for some \(Q>0\) and \(F\) a closed \(\lambda\)-Ahlfors regular subset of \(Z\) with \(\lambda\in(0,Q]\). The first main result of this paper states that, for all \(s\in(0,1)\), \(\max\{\frac{Q}{\lambda+s},\frac{Q-\lambda}s\}<p<\infty\) and \(q\in(0,\infty]\). Then there exist bounded linear operators \(\mathcal{R}:\,\dot{\mathcal{B}}^s_{p,q}(Z) \to \dot{\mathcal{B}}^{s-\frac{Q-\lambda}p}_{p,q}(F)\) and \(\mathcal{E}:\,\dot{\mathcal{B}}^{s-\frac{Q-\lambda}p}_{p,q}(F) \to\dot{\mathcal{B}}^s_{p,q}(Z)\) such that \(\mathcal{R}f\) coincides with \(f\) on \(F\) for all continuous functions \(f\in \dot{\mathcal{B}}^s_{p,q}(Z)\) and \(\mathcal{R}\circ \mathcal{E}=\mathrm{id}\) on \(\dot{\mathcal{B}}^{s-\frac{Q-\lambda}p}_{p,q}(F)\). Under the additional assumption that \(F\) is porous, similar results are also proved to be true for the pair \((\dot{\mathcal{F}}^s_{p,q}(Z), \dot{\mathcal{B}}^{s-\frac{Q-\lambda}p}_{p,p}(F))\) with \(s\in(0,1)\), \(\max\{\frac{Q}{\lambda+s},\frac{Q-\lambda}s\}<p<\infty\) and \(q\in(\frac{Q}{Q+s},\infty]\), and also the pair \((\dot{M}^{1,p}(Z), \dot{\mathcal{B}}^{1-\frac{Q-\lambda}p}_{p,p}(F))\) with \(\max\{\frac{Q}{\lambda+s},\frac{Q-\lambda}s\}<p<\infty\). These results generalize a series of classical trace results of Sobolev, Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces from the Euclidean setting to Ahlfors regular spaces, and the key tool used in their proofs is the descriptions of the involved function spaces via hyperbolic fillings of the underlying metric space obtained by the authors in their previous works.