Nosé-thermostated mechanical systems on the \(n\)-torus (Q1702107)

In Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, one considers Hamiltonian systems \(H(p,q)\) (\(n\) degrees of freedom) in interaction with a thermal bath at a given temperature \(T\). An effective way to model this situation is provided by so-called Nosé thermostats [{\textit{J. Nosé}}, Chem Phys. 81 (1984), 511-519]. The method requires to add a degree of freedom \(s\) and rescaling momenta by \(s\), i.e., consider a Hamiltonian \(F\) in \(n+1\) degrees of freedom (here \(k\) is the Boltzmann constant and \(M\) represents the mass of the thermostat), \[ F (p,p_s;q,s) := H\left( \frac{p}{s} , q \right) + N (p_s , s) \;; \;\;\;N(p_s,s) := \frac{p_s^2}{2 M} + n k T \, \ln (s) \;. \eqno(1) \] Consider a family of natural Hamiltonians \(H = p_i g^{ij} p_j / 2 + \varepsilon V(q)\) in \(n\) degrees of freedom, and assume it is \(\mathcal{C}^r\) smooth, with \(r > 2 n + 2\). Assume moreover that the Riemannian metric \(g\) is {flat}. For given \(M>0\) and \(T>0\), let \(F_\varepsilon\) be the Nosé Hamiltonian associated to \(H_\varepsilon\) via (1). Then the author shows that (Theorem 1) there is an open neighborhood of the set of thermostatic equilibria of \(F_0\) on which \(F_0\) is both Kolmogorov and iso-energetically non-degenerate. Moreover one can fix \(\varepsilon\), say \(\varepsilon = 1\), hence \(H\), and consider a rescaled thermostat with \(M>0\) fixed and varying \(T\). Then (Theorem 2) the rescaled thermostated Hamiltonian \(F\) associated to \(H\) via (1) is both Kolmogorov and iso-energetically non-degenerate in the limit \(T= \infty\). Both of these results have an extension (Theorems 3 and 4 respectively) to the case of the variable mass \(M\). The findings of this paper mean that \(n\)-degree of freedom Nosé thermostats show persistence of invariant tori near suitable completely integrable limits.