Exclusion bounds for extended anyons (Q1702440)

The authors of this fundamental work study a system of quantum particles in two dimensions interacting via attached magnetic flux. It can be determined by the experimental conditions. Then certain particles could be considered as ``extended anyons''. This investigation is focused on a system of \(N\) particles at positions \({\mathbf {x}}_j\in\mathbb{R}^2\) whose quantum state is expressed by a square-integrable, normalized, complex wave function \(\Psi : \mathbb{R}^{2N}\to\mathbb{C}\), where \(|\Psi (\mathbf {x})|^2\) is interpreted as the probability density of finding the particles at positions \({\mathbf {x}} = ({\mathbf {x}}_1 ,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_N )\). If the particles are indistinguishable then the density is symmetric under permutations of the particle labels, i.e., \(|\Psi ({\mathbf {x}}_1 ,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_j,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_k, \ldots ,{\mathbf {x}}_N )|^2= |\Psi ({\mathbf {x}}_1 ,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_k,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_j, \ldots ,{\mathbf {x}}_N )|^2\) (\(j\neq k\)). It is known that a wave function \(\Psi ({\mathbf {x}}_1 , \ldots ,{\mathbf {x}}_N )\) of \(N\) identical particles should not change the probability density \(|\Psi |^2\) under exchanging two particles, i.e., one has that \(\Psi ({\mathbf {x}}_1 ,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_j,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_k, \ldots ,{\mathbf {x}}_N )= e^{i\alpha\pi } \Psi ({\mathbf {x}}_1 ,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_k,\ldots , {\mathbf {x}}_j, \ldots ,{\mathbf {x}}_N )\) (\(j\neq k\)), where \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\) (\(2\mathbb{Z}\)-periodic) is the statistics parameter. If \(\alpha =0\) the particles are called bosons (symmetric \(\Psi \)), and if \(\alpha =1\) we have fermions (antisymmetric \(\Psi \)); fermions obey Pauli's exclusion principle leading to Fermi-Dirac statistics, while bosons do not, and leading to Bose-Einstein statistics. Let us consider the state \(\Psi\in L^2_{\text{sym}} ((\mathbb{R}^2)^N )\) being bosonic (or \(\Psi\in L^2_{\text{asym}} ((\mathbb{R}^2)^N )\) - fermionic) and then attach magnetic fluxes to the particles so that their winding around each other gives rise to the correct phase. This is commonly called the ``magnetic gauge picture for anyons''. The flux can be determined by some experimental conditions. Then we may define so called extended anyons. If one considers disk-shaped flux then may use its radius \( R \geq 0\). Then we define \(R\)-extended anyons, and one may also introduce a dimensionless parameter \(\bar{\gamma }= R\bar{\rho }^{1/2}\) to describe the state of the system, where \(\bar{\rho }\) denotes the average density of the particles. The parameter \(\bar{\gamma }\) is the ratio of the magnetic dimension to the average interparticle distance and call it the ``magnetic filling ratio''. The authors investigate mathematical model of free gas of ``extended anyons'' as any additional interaction is ignored. The ground-state energy plays an important role. The main result is a statement to \(R\)-extended anyons, thereby providing us with a concrete measure of the long-range effect of the statistical magnetic interaction. It is shown that if \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\), \(R\geq 0\), \(N\geq n\geq 1\) and the open set \(\Omega \subseteq\mathbb{R}^2\) is convex, then for any \(\Psi \) there exists an integral inequality (too large and complex) including the positions of all \(N\) particles with \(\gamma \in[0;1)\). It turns out that in the ideal case \(R=0\) a similar inequality exists provided some additional conditions hold. The second result concerns the universal bounds for the homogeneous anyon gas. Let \(e(\alpha , \bar{\gamma })\) (for some \(\bar{\gamma }\)) be the ground-state energy per particle and unit density of the extended anyon gas in the thermodynamic limit at fixed \(\alpha \in\mathbb{R}\), \(R \geq 0\) and density \(\bar{\rho }\) where Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed. Then \(e(\alpha , \bar{\gamma })\) is bounded from below. A similar estimate exists to the ideal anyon gas at any \(\alpha\in \mathbb{R}\).