Multiplicity of solutions for polyharmonic Dirichlet problems with exponential nonlinearities and broken symmetry (Q1705672)

The author is interested in the multiplicity of solutions to three polyharmonic Dirichlet problems. In all Dirichlet problems the order of the equation equals the dimension of the bounded domain \(\Omega\) with smooth boundary \(\partial \Omega\). The following Dirichlet problems are considered: Find weak solutions to \[ (-\Delta)^l u =g(x,u) +\varphi(x)\text{ in }\Omega,\quad \partial_\nu^j u=0\text{ on }\partial \Omega\text{ for }j=0,\ldots,l-1.\tag{1} \] Find radial symmetric solutions to \[ (-\Delta)^l u =2u e^{u^2} +\varphi(x,u)\text{ in }\Omega,\quad\partial_\nu^j u=0\text{ on }\partial \Omega\text{ for }j=0,\ldots,l-1,\tag{2} \] where \(\Omega\) is an annulus. Find radial symmetric solutions to \[ (-\Delta)^l u + \frac{b}{|x|^{2l}}=g(x,u) +\varphi(x) \text{ in }\Omega,\quad \partial_\nu^j u=0\text{ on }\partial \Omega\text{ for }j=0,\ldots,l-1,\tag{3} \] where \(\Omega\) is the ball of radius \(R\) centered at the origin and \(b>0\). The nonlinearities are of exponential type. Some symmetry assumptions for \(g\) are required. Then, under some conditions the author shows that there exists an unbounded sequence of solutions, radial solutions. The main tools to prove these statements are upper estimates on the number of non-positive eigenvalues for polyharmonic Schrödinger operators.