Jensen inequalities for \(P\)-class functions (Q1714979)

The authors discuss a \(P\)-class function which is a real-valued function \(\varphi\) satisfying \[ \varphi(\lambda x+(1-\lambda)y)\leq \varphi(x)+\varphi(y) \] for all \(\lambda\in [0,1]\) and elements \(x\), \(y\) in a convex subset of a linear space. Firstly, the authors give characterizations of \(P\)-class functions. Secondly, the authors point out that \(\varphi (x)=\| x\| ^{p}\) is a \(P\)-class function for \(0<p<1\), where \(x\) is a vector in a normed space with a norm \(\| x\| \), and they obtain an Hermite-Hadamard type inequality, i.e., \[ \frac{\| x\| ^{p}+\| y\| ^{p}}{4(p+1)}\leq \int_{0}^{1} \| (1-t)x+ty\| ^{p}\,dt\leq \| x\| ^{p}+\| y\| ^{p} \] for \(0<p<1\). In the case of \(p\geq 1\), this inequality was obtained in \textit{E. Kikianty} and \textit{G. Sinnamon} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 359, No. 2, 765--779 (2009; Zbl 1187.46010)] and \textit{E. Kikianty} and \textit{S. S. Dragomir} [Math. Inequal. Appl. 13, No. 1, 1--32 (2010; Zbl 1183.26025)]. Lastly, the authors give a characterization of operator \(P\)-class functions, where operator means a bounded linear operator on a complex Hilbert space. This characterization is a parallel result to a characterization of operator convex functions, i.e., Jensen's inequality.