Local heuristics and an exact formula for abelian varieties of odd prime dimension over finite fields (Q1717438)

Two abelian varieties over a finite field \(\mathbb{F}_q\), where \(q\) is a power of a prime \(p\), are isogenous if and only if the characteristic polynomials of their Frobenius endomorphims are the same. Such a polynomial \(f(T)\in\mathbb{Z}[T]\) is exactly a \(q\)-Weil polynimal. For principally polarized abelian varieties of odd prime dimension \(g\), the aim of this paper is to determine the number of isomorphism classes \(\#\mathcal{A}_g(\mathbb{F}_q;f)\) in the isogeny class defined by the polynomial \(f(T)\). Let \(K\) be the splitting field of \(f(T)\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) and \(K^+\) its maximal totally real subfield. In terms of the class numbers \(h_K\) and \(h_{K^+}\), their first main result is \(\#\mathcal{A}_g(\mathbb{F}_q;f)=\frac{h_K}{h_{K^+}}\) (Corollary 8.6). For a prime \(\ell\neq p\), let \(\nu_\ell(f)\) (similar to Archimedean term \(\nu_\infty(f)\)) be the measure of the relative frequency of \(f\mod\ell\) as the characteristic polynimal for an element of \(\mathrm{GSp}_{2g}(\mathbb{F}_q)\). Then, for dimension \(g=3\), they provide the formula \(\nu_\infty(f)\prod_\ell\nu_\ell(f)=\#\mathcal{A}_3(\mathbb{F}_q;f)\) (Corollary 8.8). Both results are obtained under the four assumptions (W.1--W.4), introduced and explained in Section 2. This paper can be seen as a generalization of the work of \textit{J. Achter} and \textit{C. Williams} [Can. Math. Bull. 58, No. 4, 673--691 (2015; Zbl 1354.14068)], which offers a full solution for the surface case. The structure of the paper under review is also quite similar, many subresults of the surface case \((g=2)\) are extended to arbitrary prime dimensions \(g\). Let us sketch the way to the two main results. \par First, under the four conditions W.1--W.4, they provide information about orders in \(K\) and \(K^+\) and concrete formulas for the discriminants of \(f\) and \(f^+\), where \(f^+\) is the minimal polynomial of \(K^+\). Further, they determine the factorization structure of characteristic polynomials corresponding to conjugacy classes of cyclic matrices in \(\mathrm{GSp}_{2g}(\mathbb{F}_\ell)\) respecting W.1--W.4 (see tables 3.1 and 3.2). Afterwards, they start with a \(q\)-Weil polynomial \(f(T)\mod \ell\) and relate it to one of these conjugacy classes by using algebraic tools like decomposition and inertia groups, residue and ramification degrees (see table 5.1). Besides the local factors \(\nu_\ell(f)\) and \(\nu_\infty(f)\), a local factor \(\nu_\ell(K)\) in terms of the character group of the Galois group of \(K\) is introduced. Two types of conjugacy classes of cyclic matrices are distinguished; the ones of regular semisimple or non-semisimple matrices. In the first case, for many situations, the equality \(\nu_\ell(f)=\nu_\ell(K)\) is shown for arbitrary odd prime dimension \(g\) and in the second for dimension \(g=3\). In the last section, they prove the statement \(\frac{h_K}{h_{K^+}}=\omega_K\nu_\infty(f)\prod_\ell\nu_\ell(K)\), where \(\omega_K\) stands for the number of roots of unity in \(K\). Finally, together with a theorem of Everett Howe (Theorem 8.5) [\textit{E. W.Howe}, ` ` Variations in the distribution of principally-polarized abelian varieties among isogeny classes'', (to appear)], the two mentioned main results (Corollary 8.6/8.8) are shown. Motivated by partial results, the authors make the conjecture that their second main result can also be extended to arbitrary odd primes (Conjecture 8.3).