Stark systems over Gorenstein local rings (Q1727412)

\textit{B. Mazur} and \textit{K. Rubin} [Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 799, 96 p. (2004; Zbl 1055.11041); J. Théor. Nombres Bordx. 28, No. 1, 145--183 (2016; Zbl 1411.11065)] developed a theory of (higher rank) Kolyvagin and Stark systems over principal Artinian rings and discrete valuation rings. In this paper the author describes a theory of Stark systems over complete Gorenstein local rings $R$ with a finite residue field. Under certain hypotheses (similar to those of Mazur and Rubin) he shows that the module of Stark systems is free of rank $1$ and controls the higher Fitting ideals of the Pontryagin dual of a certain dual Selmer group. In particular, this applies in the case where $R \simeq \mathbb Z_p[[T]]$ is the Iwasawa algebra. \par The main idea is to use exterior biduals rather than exterior powers. The $r$-th exterior bidual of an $R$-module $M$ is defined to be \[ \bigcap_R^r M := \left( \bigwedge_R^r M^{\ast} \right)^{\ast} \] where $(-)^{\ast}$ denotes the $R$-dual $\mathrm{Hom}_R(-,R)$. Note that there is a natural homomorphism of $R$-modules \[ \bigwedge_R^r M \rightarrow \bigcap_R^r M, \] but this map is in general neither injective nor surjective. \par Let $G_K$ be the absolute Galois group of a number field $K$ and let $T$ be a free $R$-module with an $R$-linear continuous $G_K$-action. Assume that this action is unramified outside a finite set of places of $K$. One considers Selmer groups $H^1_{\mathcal{F}}(K,T) \subseteq H^1(K,T)$, where $\mathcal{F}$ is a Selmer structure on $T$, i.e., ~a cocycle $c \in H^1(K,T)$ belongs to the subgroup $H^1_{\mathcal{F}}(K,T)$ iff for a certain finite set $\Sigma(\mathcal{F})$ of places of $K$ the image of $c$ under the localization map $H^1(K,T) \rightarrow H^1(K_{\mathfrak q},T)$ belongs to a prescribed submodule of $H^1(K_{\mathfrak q},T)$ for each $\mathfrak{q} \in \Sigma(\mathcal{F})$. Given a Selmer structure $\mathcal{F}$ on $T$ and square-free integral ideals $\mathfrak n$ of $K$ one can define new Selmer structures $\mathcal{F}^{\mathfrak n}$ on $T$ and a dual Selmer structure $\mathcal{F}^{\ast}$ on the Cartier dual $T^{\vee}(1)$ of $T$. \par The author first assumes that $R$ is a zero-dimensional Gorenstein local ring. For certain admissible sets $\mathcal{Q}$ of prime ideals of $K$ and under certain hypotheses on $\mathcal{F}$ he defines the module $SS_r(T, \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{Q})$ of Stark systems of rank $r$ for the triple $(T, \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{Q})$ by \[ SS_r(T, \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{Q}) := \varprojlim_{\mathfrak n} \left(\det(W_{\mathfrak n}) \otimes_R \bigcap_R^{r + \nu(\mathfrak n)} H^1_{\mathcal{F}^{\mathfrak n}}(K,T) \right) \] where the inverse limit runs over all square-free products of primes in $\mathcal{Q}$ and $\nu(\mathfrak{n})$ denotes the number of prime factors of $\mathfrak n$. Moreover, the $R$-module $W_{\mathfrak n} := \bigoplus_{\mathfrak q \mid \mathfrak n} H^1_{/f}(K_{\mathfrak q}, T)^{\ast}$ is free of rank $\nu(\mathfrak n)$ under the running hypotheses of the article. The definition of the transition maps for each pair $\mathfrak m \mid \mathfrak n$ is a little subtle and will not be given here. \par The author studies the functorial properties of $SS_r(T, \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{Q})$ under surjective ring homomorphisms $R \rightarrow S$. This allows him to define Stark systems over arbitrary Gorenstein local rings as follows. If $R$ is a complete Gorenstein local ring, choose a sequence $J_1 \subseteq J_2 \subseteq \dots$ of ideals of $R$ such that $R/J_n$ is a zero-dimensional Gorenstein local ring and such that the natural map $R \rightarrow \varprojlim_n R/J_n$ is an isomorphism. Then $SS_r(T, \mathcal{F}, \mathcal{Q})$ is defined to be an inverse limit of the shape $\varprojlim_n SS_r(T/J_n T, \mathcal{F}_n, \mathcal{Q}_n)$. It is shown (under certain hypotheses) that the $R$-module of Stark systems is free of rank $1$ if $r = \chi(\mathcal{F})$ is the ``core rank'' of the Selmer structure $\mathcal{F}$. Then any basis can be used to compute all the higher Fitting ideals of $H^1_{\mathcal{F}^{\ast}}(K, T^{\vee}(1))^{\vee}$. Hence Stark systems control Selmer groups. \par Finally, we point out that also \textit{D. Burns} and \textit{T. Sano} [``On the theory of higher rank Euler, Kolyvagin and Stark systems'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1612.06187}] recently studied Euler, Kolyvagin and Stark systems over zero-dimensional Gorenstein rings. Their approach to Stark systems is rather similar, and all three authors now have a joint series of preprints on this subject.