The structure of isomorphic digraph from powers modulo \(p^e\) (Q1728882)

Summary: For positive integers \(n\) and \(k\), let \(G(n, k)\) denote the digraph whose set of vertices is \(\{0,1, 2, \ldots, n - 1 \}\) and there is a directed edge from \(a\) to \(b\) if \(a^k \equiv b\pmod n\).It is great value to consider conditions of \(G(p, k_1) \simeq G(p, k_2)\). In this paper, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for \(G(n, k_1) \simeq G(n, k_2)\) when \(n = p^e\).