Formation of singularities of spherically symmetric solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations and Euler-Poisson equations (Q1729865)

The authors analyze the formation in finite time of singularities for solutions to the Euler equations for compressible fluids. They start with the Euler equations for an isentropic ideal fluid $\partial_{t}\rho + div (\rho u)=0$, $\partial_{t}(\rho u)+ div \rho (u\otimes u)+\nabla p=0$. They also consider the Euler-Poisson equations $\partial_{t}\rho + div (\rho u)=0$, $\partial_{t}(\rho u)+ div \rho (u\otimes u)+\nabla p=\pm \nabla G\ast \rho $, where $G$ is Green's function, the sign $+$ corresponds to electrostatic forces and the sign $-$ to gravitational forces. Introducing $s(\rho )=\sqrt{p_{\rho}(\rho )}$ and $\zeta =\frac{2}{\gamma -1}s(\rho)$, where $\gamma$ is an adiabatic index greater than 1, the authors rewrite the above Euler-Poisson problem in a matrix form for $V=\begin{pmatrix}\zeta \\ u \end{pmatrix}$. They introduce the total mass $M=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}\rho dx$, the partial energy $\mathcal{E}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{3}\left\Vert V^{(k)}(t,\cdot )\right\Vert_{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{3})}^{2}$ and the total energy $E_{\delta}(t)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^{3}}(\frac{1}{2}\rho u^{2}+\frac{1}{\gamma -1}\rho^{\gamma}-\frac{\delta}{2}\rho G\ast \rho )dx$. \par The authors first prove the existence of a local-in-time solution $$(\rho,u)\in C([0,T];H^{3}( \mathbb{R}^{3}))\cap C^{1}([0,T];H^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{3}))$$ with $\rho \geq 0$, which starts from $(\rho_{0},u_{0})$ and preserves the total mass and the energy, first to the Euler equations for an isentropic ideal fluid and assuming $1\gamma \leq 5/3$, then for the Euler-Poisson problem here assuming $1\leq \gamma \leq 5/3$. In the first case, the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ satisfies $T^{\ast}\gtrsim \mathcal{E}^{-1/2}(0)$ while in the second case this lifespan satisfies $T^{\ast}\gtrsim \max \{\mathcal{E}^{-1/2}(0), \mathcal{E}^{\frac{\gamma -3}{2(\gamma -1)}}(0)\}$. For the analysis of the singularities, the authors consider the case of spherically symmetric solutions. They rewrite the Euler and Euler-Poisson equations according to this symmetry. They assume $\rho (t,0)=0=v(t,0)$ and they introduce the weighted total radial velocity $F(t)=-\int_{0}^{\infty}v(t,r)\exp (-r)dr$. \par A first main result proves that if $\rho_{0}(0)=0$ and $F(0)0$ the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ of the classical solution to the Euler equations satisfies $T^{\ast}\leq \frac{2}{F(0)}$. In the case of the Euler-Poisson equations with $\delta =-1$ (gravitational forces), a similar result holds. In the case of the Euler-Poisson equations with $\delta =1$ (electrostatic forces), the lifespan $T^{\ast}$ of the classical solution to the Euler equations satisfies $T^{\ast}\leq \frac{4}{F(0)}$ under stronger hypotheses on the initial data. The proof of these results is essentially based on the analysis of the differential equation satisfied by $F$. \par The paper ends with examples obtained when considering the case $(\rho_{0},u_{0})=(\varepsilon^{\frac{2}{\gamma -1}}\varrho,\varepsilon w)$ and $ \rho_{0}(0)=0$, $F(0)0$. The authors here prove that $T^{\ast}=\frac{1}{ \varepsilon}$ for the Euler equations and for the Euler-Poisson equations with gravitational forces.