Simultaneous difference equations on a restricted domain (Q1731439)

Let $T\subset (0, +\infty)$ be a set, $c: T \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function and $p$ be a real number. The main purpose of this paper is to study the continuous solutions $\varphi$ of the simultaneous equations \[\varphi(tx) = \varphi(x) + c(t)x^{p} \qquad \left(t \in T\right). \tag{1} \] Here the mapping $\varphi$ is defined on an interval $I \subset (0, +\infty)$, so the equations are postulated on a restricted domain: for any fixed $t \in T$ we assume that $x \in I$ is such that $tx \in I$. In the case when $T$ is `large' in some sense, the form of $\varphi$ on a non-trivial subinterval of $I$ is determined. \par Let \[ T^{\ast} = T \cup T^{-1} \cup \left\{1\right\} \] and take any numbers $\gamma_{-} \in (0, 1)$ and $\gamma_{+}\in (1, +\infty)$. For each $n\in \mathbb{N}$ define \( T_{\gamma_{-} ,\gamma_{+} ,n} = \left\{t \in (0, +\infty) \mid \exists \, t_1 , \dots, t_{n} \in T^{\ast} : t = t_{1}\cdots t_{n}, \gamma_{-}\leq t_{1} \cdots t_{k} \leq \gamma_{+}\forall \, k = 1, \ldots, n\right\}.\) Moreover, put \[ T_{\gamma_{-}, \gamma_{+}}= \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}T_{\gamma_{-}, \gamma_{+}, n}.\] \par With these notations, the main result of the paper reads as follows. \par Let $c : T \to \mathbb{R}$ and let $\varphi : I\to\mathbb{R}$ be a continuous solution of (1). Assume that $\gamma_{-}\in (0, 1)$ and $\gamma_{+} \in (1, +\infty)$ are such that $\inf \frac{I}{\gamma_{-}} < \sup \frac{I}{\gamma_{+}}$ and $T_{\gamma_{-}, \gamma_{+}}$ is a dense subset of the interval $(\gamma_{-} , \gamma_{+})$. \par If $p \neq 0$ then there exist $a, b \in \mathbb{R}$ such that \[\varphi(x) = ax^{p} + b \qquad \left(x \in (\inf \frac{I}{\gamma_{-}} , \sup \frac{I}{\gamma_{+}})\right) .\] \par If $p = 0$ then there exist $a, b \in \mathbb{R}$ such that \[ \varphi(x) = a \log(x) + b, \qquad \left(x \in (\inf \frac{I}{\gamma_{-}} , \sup \frac{I}{\gamma_{+}})\right) .\]