Root systems and quotients of deformations of simple singularities (Q1734236)

F. Klein studied simple singularities, classifying them as quotients of $\mathbb{C}^2$ by the action of a finite subgroup $\Gamma \subseteq \mathrm{SU}_2$. P. Du Val showed that the exceptional divisors of the minimal resolution of the isolated singularity of such a quotient form an arrangement of projective lines whose dual graph is a simply-laced Dynkin diagram $\Delta(\Gamma)$; thus the quotient $\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma$ is called a simple singularity of type $\Delta(\Gamma)$. P. Slodowy then extended the definition of a simple singularity to the non simply-laced types by adding a second finite subgroup $\Gamma' \subseteq \mathrm{SU}_2$ such that $\Gamma'\supseteq \Gamma$ as a normal subgroup; $\Gamma'/\Gamma =\Omega$ acts on $\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma$ and this action can be lifted to the minimal resolution of the singularity, inducing an action on the exceptional divisors, which corresponds to a group of automorphisms of the Dynkin diagram of $\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma$. \par A deformation of a simple singularity $(X_0,\Omega)$ is an $\Omega$-equivariant deformation of the singularity $X_0$ with a trivial action of the automorphism group $\Omega$ on the base space. Setting $\pi : X \rightarrow Y$ as a deformation of $X_0$, a deformation $\psi : X' \rightarrow Y'$ of $X_0$ is induced from $\pi$ by a morphism $\varphi : Y' \rightarrow Y$ if there exist a morphism $\Phi :X' \rightarrow Y'$ such that $\pi\circ \Phi= \varphi\circ\psi$, and given $X_0 \stackrel{i}{\hookrightarrow} X$ and $X_0\stackrel{j}{\hookrightarrow} X'$, $\Phi\circ j=i$. \par A semiuniversal deformation $\pi_0 : X \rightarrow Y$ of a simple singularity $(X_0,\Omega)$ is a deformation of $(X,\Omega)$ such that any other deformation $\psi : X' \rightarrow Y'$ of $(X,\Omega)$ is induced from $\pi_0$ by an $\Omega$-equivariant morphism $\varphi : Y' \rightarrow Y$ with a uniquely determined differential $d_{y'} \varphi :T_{y'} Y' \rightarrow T_y Y$. The quotient of a semiuniversal deformation of a simple singularity of inhomogeneous type $B_r$ ($r \geq 2$), $C_r$ ($r \geq 3$), $F_4$ or $G_2$ by the natural symmetry of the associated Dynkin diagram is a deformation of a simple singularity of homogeneous type $X=D_s$, $E_6$ or $E_7$. \par Letting $\alpha : X_\Gamma \rightarrow \mathfrak{h}/W$ to be the semiuniversal deformation of a simple singularity of type $\Delta(\Gamma)=A_{2r-1}$ ($r \geq 2$), $D_{r}$ ($r \geq 4$) or $E_6$ obtained by the construction of H. Cassens and P. Slodowy, and $\mathfrak{h}$ and $W$ being the Cartan subalgebra and the associated Weyl group of the simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ of the same type, respectively, they showed that $\Omega$ of the Dynkin diagram of $\mathfrak{g}$ acts on $X_\Gamma$ and $\mathfrak{h}/W$ such that $\alpha$ is $\Omega$-equivariant. Slodowy then showed that taking the restriction $\alpha^\Omega$ of $\alpha$ over the $\Omega$-fixed points of $\mathfrak{h}/W$ leads to a semiuniversal deformation of a simple singularity, which is inhomogeneous. As $\alpha$ is $\Omega$-equivariant, there is an action of $\Omega$ on every fiber of $\alpha^\Omega$, and the quotient leads to a new morphism $\overline{\alpha^\Omega}$, which is a non-semiuniversal deformation of a simple singularity of homogeneous type $\Delta(\Gamma')$. \par Let $\Gamma$ be a finite subgroup of $\mathrm{SU}_2$, $R$ its regular representation, $N$ its natural representation as a subgroup of $\mathrm{SU}_2$, and $\Delta(\Gamma)$ the associated Dynkin diagram. If $\Omega$ acting on $M(\Gamma)=(\mathrm{End}(R) \otimes N)^\Gamma$ is symplectic, then $\widetilde{\alpha}:X_{\Gamma}\times_{\mathfrak{h}/W}\mathfrak{h}\rightarrow \mathfrak{h}$ and $\alpha:X_{\Gamma}\rightarrow \mathfrak{h}/W$ can be made into $\Omega$-equivariant maps (Theorem 1.4, page 388): letting $M(\Gamma)$ to be the representation space of a McKay quiver built on a Dynkin diagram of type $A_{2r-1}$, $D_{r}$ or $E_6$, there exists a symplectic action of $\Omega=\Gamma'/\Gamma$ on $M(\Gamma)$, inducing the natural action on the singularity $\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma$; this action then turns $\alpha$ into an $\Omega$-equivariant morphism. \par After A. Caradot shows that the morphism $\alpha^{\Omega} : X_{\Gamma, \Omega} \rightarrow (\mathfrak{h}/W)^{\Omega}$ is $\Omega$-invariant, it follows that $\Omega$ acts on each fiber of $\alpha^{\Omega}$, and the fibers can be quotiented. Furthermore it is known that $(\alpha^{\Omega})^{-1}(\overline{0}) = X_{\Gamma,0}=\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma$, and thus $(\alpha^{\Omega})^{-1}(\overline{0})/\Omega=X_{\Gamma,0}/\Omega = (\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma)/(\Gamma'/\Gamma) \cong \mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma'$, which is a simple singularity since $\Gamma'\subseteq \mathrm{SU}_2$ is finite. Thus, $\overline{\alpha^{\Omega}} : X_{\Gamma, \Omega} /\Omega \rightarrow (\mathfrak{h}/W)^{\Omega}$ is a deformation of the simple singularity $\mathbb{C}^2/\Gamma'$ of type $\Delta(\Gamma')$, where the deformation $\overline{\alpha^{\Omega}}$ is obtained through $\Delta(\Gamma)-\Delta(\Gamma,\Gamma')-\Delta(\Gamma')$-procedure. \par Caradot also studies the regularity of the fibers of $\overline{\alpha^{ \Omega}}$ (Theorem 2.3, page 390): assuming $\alpha^\Omega$ is the semiuniversal deformation of a simple singularity of inhomogeneous type $B_r$ ($r \geq 2$), $C_r$ ($r \geq 3$), $F_4$ or $G_2$, every fiber of the quotient $\overline{\alpha^\Omega}$ is singular. \par Finally, after stating a conjecture (Conjecture 3.1, page 396) that there exists a subset $\Theta$ of simple roots of the root system of type $\Delta(\Gamma')$ such that the Dynkin diagram associated to the singular configuration of any fiber of $\overline{\alpha^\Omega}$ is a subdiagram of the Dynkin diagram of type $\Delta(\Gamma')$ containing the vertices associated to $\Theta$, the author proves the conjecture for the types $A_3-B_2-D_4$, $A_5-B_3-D_5$, $D_4-C_3-D_6$, $D_4-G_2-E_6$, $D_4-G_2-E_7$, and $E_6-F_4-E_7$. (Theorem 3.2, page 397).