Riemann surfaces defined over the reals (Q1742503)

A Riemann surface \(\mathcal{S}\) can be defined by an irreducible complex projective curve \(\mathcal{C}\). Then a field \(K\) is a field of definition of \(\mathcal{S}\) if \(\mathcal{C}\) can be defined by polynomials with coefficients in \(K\). The intersection of the fields of definition of \(\mathcal{S}\) is the field of moduli of \(\mathcal{S}\). The surface \(\mathcal{S}\) is called real if \(\mathbb{R}\) is a field of definition of it, and pseudo-real if it is not real, but its field of moduli is real. Explicit examples of hyperelliptic and of non-hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces which cannot be defined over their fields of moduli are known, and all of them are pseudo-real. Then, the goal of the present paper is to obtain examples of real Riemann surfaces which are not definable over their field of moduli. This result is got in Theorems 3.1 and 5.1, which provide, respectively, explicit examples of infinite families of hyperelliptic and of non-hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces which cannot be defined over their field of moduli.