Linear isomorphisms preserving Green's relations for matrices over anti-negative semifields (Q1743067)

A semiring is said to be anti-negative if zero is the only invertible element with respect to the addition (examples of anti-negative semirings include tropical and Boolean semirings). Let \(S\) be an anti-negative semifield and denote by \(M_{n}(S)\) the set of all \(n \times n\) matrices over \(S\). In the paper under review, the authors consider five equivalence relations \(\mathcal{L}\), \(\mathcal{R}\), \(\mathcal{H}\), \(\mathcal{D}\), \(\mathcal{J}\) and four preorders (\( \leq _{\mathcal{R}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{L}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{H}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{J}}\)), known as Green's relations which can be defined on any semigroup. They study the maps \[ T :M_{n}(S) \rightarrow M_{n}(S) \] which preserve (strongly preserve) each of the preorders \( \leq _{\mathcal{R}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{L}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{H}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{J}}\) and each of the relations \(\mathcal{L}\), \(\mathcal{R}\), \(\mathcal{H}\), \(\mathcal{D}\), \(\mathcal{J}\). We say that the map \(T\) preserves (strongly preserves) a relation \( \leq \) when \(T(A) \leq T(B)\) if (if and only if) \(A \leq B\) for all \(A ,B \in M_{n}(S)\). The paper has 4 sections. In Section 2, the authors recall the necessary definitions and some characterizations of Green's relations for matrix semigroups \(M_{n}(S)\). They also show that a semifield is either anti-negative or a field. In Sections 3 and 4, the authors give complete characterizations of \(S\)-linear bijective maps on \(M_{n}(S)\) which preserve each of the relations \(\mathcal{L}\), \(\mathcal{R}\), \(\mathcal{H}\), \(\mathcal{D}\), \(\mathcal{J}\)and the pre-orders \( \leq _{\mathcal{R}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{L}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{H}}\), \(\leq _{\mathcal{J}}\). One of the main results follows. Let \(T :M_{n}(S) \rightarrow M_{n}(S)\) be a bijective \(S\)-linear transformation. The following statements are then equivalent: {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] \(T\) preserves \(\mathcal{R};\) \item[(ii)] \(T\) preserves \(\mathcal{L};\) \item[(iii)] \(T\) preserves \( \leq _{\mathcal{R}};\) \item[(iv)] \(T\) preserves \( \leq _{\mathcal{L}};\) \item[(v)] There exist invertible matrices \(P ,Q \in M_{n}(S)\) such that for all \(X \in M_{n}(S)\) we have \(T(X) =PXQ\). \end{itemize}} Let \(E_{i ,j}\) denote the matrix where the only nonzero element is \(1\) in the \((i ,j)\)-th position. The main tool in proofs is a result from [\textit{L. B. Beasley} and \textit{A. E. Guterman}, J. Math. Sci., New York 131, No. 5, 5919--5938 (2005; Zbl 1127.15001); translation from Sovrem. Mat. Prilozh. 13, 53--70 (2004)] where it was shown that a \(S\)-linear transformation \(T :M_{n}(S) \rightarrow M_{n}(S)\) is bijective if and only if there exists a permutation \(\sigma \) on the set \(\left \{1 ,2 , . . . ,n\right \} \times \left \{1 ,2 , . . . ,n\right \}\) and non-zero elements \(\alpha _{i ,j} \in S\) such that \(T(E_{i ,j}) =\alpha _{i ,j}E_{\sigma (i ,j)}\) for all \(i\) and \(j\).