Distribution results on polynomials with bounded roots (Q1744088)

For each \(d \in \mathbb{N}\), the Schur-Cohn region \(\mathcal{E}_d\) consists of all vectors \((a_1, \ldots, a_d) \in \mathbb{R}^d\) such that all roots of the polynomial \(X^d+a_1 X^{d-1} + \cdots + a_d\) lie in the open unit disk. Define \(\mathcal{E}_d^{(s)}\) to be the subset of the Schur-Cohn region corresponding to polynomials with exactly \(s\) pairs of nonreal roots, and let \(v_d^{(s)}\) be the \(d\)-dimensional Lebesgue measure of \(\mathcal{E}_d^{(s)}\). It turns out that these measures are rational numbers for all \(d, s \in \mathbb{N}\). This paper studies these rational numbers, and proves that \[ \frac{v_{2s}^{(s)}}{v_{2s}^{(0)}} = 2^{2s(s-1)} \binom{2s}{s} \quad \forall\,s \in \mathbb{N}, \] and more generally, that \(v_d^{(s)}/v_d^{(0)}\) is an integer for all \(s \leq d/2\). The proof of the explicit formula above involves writing \(v_d^{(s)}\) as a Selberg-type integral, whose integrand is identified as a determinant, which can be represented in terms of permutations using the Leibniz formula. Simplification is then carried out by studying the permutations, and using tools from determinant calculus (such as the Cauchy double alternant formula). The proof of the general result is considerably more involved.