Topology of holomorphic Lefschetz pencils on the four-torus (Q1747133)

If \(X\) is a closed 4-manifold and \(B\subset X\) is a nonempty discrete set, then a smooth map \(f:X\setminus B\to\mathbb{CP}^1\) is called a Lefschetz pencil if (i)\, the restriction \(f| _{\text{Crit}(f)}\) is injective, where \(\text{Crit}(f)\) is the set of all critical points of \(f\), (ii)\, each \(x\in\text{Crit}(f)\) is of Lefschetz type, that is, there exists a complex coordinate \((U,\varphi:U\to \mathbb C^2)\) (resp. \((V,\psi:V\to \mathbb C)\)) of \(x\) (resp. \(f(x))\)) compatible with the orientation such that \(\psi\circ f\circ\varphi^{-1}(z,w)\) is equal to \(z^2+w^2\), (iii)\, for any \(b\in B\) there exist a complex coordinate \((U,\varphi)\) of \(x\) compatible with the orientation and an orientation-preserving self-diffeomorphism \(\xi:\mathbb{CP}^1\to\mathbb{CP}^1\) such that \(\xi\circ f\circ\varphi^{-1}(z,w)\) is equal to \([z:w]\in\mathbb{CP}^1\). Each point in \(B\) is called a base point of \(f\) and a smooth map \(f:X\to\mathbb{CP}^1\) satisfying (i) and (ii) is called a Lefschetz fibration. A Lefschetz pencil or fibration \(f\) is said to be holomorphic if there exists a complex structure of \(X\) such that \(f\) is holomorphic and \(\varphi\), \(\psi\) and \(\xi\) are biholomorphic. For a Lefschetz pencil or fibration \(f:X\setminus B\to\mathbb{CP}^1\), the genus \(g(f)\) of \(f\) is the genus of the closure \(\overline{f^{-1}(*)}\) of a regular fiber. The number \(d(f)=\sup\left\{n\in\mathbb Z;\;\left[\overline{f^{-1}(*)}\right]=n\alpha\right\}\in\mathbb Z_{>0}\cup\{\infty\}\) for some \(\alpha\in H^2(X;\mathbb Z)\) is called the divisibility of \(f\). Two Lefschetz pencils or fibrations \(f_0:X_0\setminus B_0\to\mathbb{CP}^1\) and \(f_1:X_1\setminus B_1\to\mathbb{CP}^1\) are said to be isomorphic if there exist orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms \(\Psi:X_0\to X_1\) and \(\Phi:\mathbb{CP}^1\to\mathbb{CP}^1\)such that \(f_1 \circ\Psi=\Phi\circ f_0\). Two isomorphic Lefschetz pencils or fibrations have the same numbers of base points and critical points, and the same genus and divisibility. However, there are examples showing that two Lefschetz pencils having the same genus and divisibility must not be isomorphic. In this paper, the authors show that under certain conditions two Lefschetz pencils having the same genus and divisibility are isomorphic. They prove that if \(f_0\) and \(f_1\) are holomorphic Lefschetz pencils on the four-torus and either the genus of \(f_0\) is greater than 5 or the divisibility of \(f_0\) is greater than 1, then \(f_0\) and \(f_1\) are isomorphic if and only if they have the same genus and divisibility. Also, it is proven that any holomorphic Lefschetz pencil on the four-torus with odd genus satisfying the above conditions is isomorphic to the composition of the genus-3 Lefschetz pencil and a finite unbranched covering. If \(\Sigma=\Sigma_g^p\) is a compact genus-\(g\) surface with \(p\) boundary components, \(u_1,\dots,u_p\in\partial\Sigma\), \(\delta_i\subset\text{Int}(\Sigma)\) is a simple closed curve parallel to the boundary component containing \(u_i\), \(U\) is the set \(\{u_1,\dots,u_p\}\), and \(\text{Diff}(\Sigma;U)\) is the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of \(\Sigma\) which preserve the set \(U\), then the set \(\pi_0(\text{Diff}(\Sigma;U))\) is called the mapping class group of \(\Sigma\) and denoted by \(\text{Mod}(\Sigma;U)\). Applying a combinatorial operation to the genus-3 pencil, the authors obtain a family of genus-3 Lefschetz pencils \(\{f_{\alpha,\beta}\}\) parametrized by \(\alpha,\beta\in\text{Mod}(\Sigma^1_1;U)\) with \([\alpha,\beta]=1\), where \(U=\{u\}\subset\partial\Sigma^1_1\) and \(\text{Mod}(\Sigma_1^1;U)\) is the mapping class group of the one-holed torus \(\Sigma_1^1\) fixing \(U\). Finally, the authors prove that the total space of \(\{f_{\alpha,\beta}\}\) is homeomorphic to that of the torus bundle over the torus with a section whose monodromy representation sends two elements generating \(\pi_1(T^2)\) to \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\).