On a sine polynomial of Turán (Q1747327)

The authors prove inequalities for the trigonometric polynomials \[ \begin{aligned} S_{n,a}(x)&=\sum\limits_{j=1}^n \binom{n+a-j}{n-j}\sin(jx)\\ \Theta_{n,b}(x,y)&=\sum\limits_{j=1}^n \binom{n+b-j}{n-j}\frac{\sin(jx)\sin(jy)}{j} \end{aligned} \] where \(a\), \(b\) are real parameters, \(n\geq 1\), \(x,y\in(0,\pi).\) \textit{P. Turán} proved the positivity of these polynomials if \(a\), \(b\) are natural numbers (see [J. Lond. Math. Soc. 10, 277--280 (1935; JFM 61.0278.02); ibid. 13, 278--282 (1938; Zbl 0020.01403)]). It is proved that each of these polynomials are positive for all \(n\geq 1\) and for all \(x,y\in(0,\pi)\) if and only if \(a\geq 1.\) Several lower bounds are found for these polynomials, among others \[ S_{2n-1,a}(x)\geq \sin x, \qquad S_{2n,a}(x)\geq 2\sin x(1+\cos x) \] if \(n\geq 1, a\geq 1\) and \(x\in(0,\pi),\) and \[ \Theta_{2n-1,b}(x,y)\geq \sin x\sin y,\qquad \Theta_{2n,b}(x,y)\geq 2\sin x\sin y(1+\cos x\cos y), \] provided that \(n\geq 1\), \(a\geq 1\) and \(x,y\in(0,\pi).\) Analogous inequalities are proved for the polynomials \(S_{n,a}^*,\Theta_{n,b}^*\) which are obtained from \(S_{n,a},\Theta_{n,b}\) by restricting the summations in them to odd \(j\)'s only. Finally, the results are applied to obtain inequalities for Chebyshev polynomials.