On a locality-like property of the pseudovariety J (Q1747981)

Here, \(J\) is the pseudovariety of monoids consisting of those for which Green's relation \(\mathcal J\) is trivial. The concept of locality, in the sense of \textit{B. Tilson} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 48, 83--198 (1987; Zbl 0627.20031)], has played an important role in the study of finite monoids and thereby the study of languages. A monoid pseudovariety \(V\) is local if the category pseudovariety \(\ell V\) that consists of those finite categories whose local monoids belong to \(\mathcal V\) coincides with the category pseudovariety \(g V\) that consists of those finite categories that divide a monoid of \(V\), the inclusion \(\ell V \subseteq g V\) being the nontrivial one. If \(p\) is a prime, \(\mathrm{Ab}_p\) denotes the pseudovariety of elementary abelian \(p\)-groups and then \(J\ast\mathrm{Ab}_p\) denotes the pseudovariety of monoids generated by the semidirect products of monoids from \(J\) with groups from \(\mathrm{Ab}_p\). The main theorem of the paper states that \(\ell J\subset g (J\ast\mathrm{Ab}_p)\). Note that if \(\mathrm{Ab}_p\) is replaced by the variety \(T\) of trivial groups, the inclusion fails, because Tilson showed that \(J\) is not local. The proof uses syntactic arguments that extend those in the author's previous paper [J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 7, No. 1, 93--180 (2008; Zbl 1147.20051)], where he proved locality of the pseudovariety \(DG\), consisting of the finite monoids for which every regular \(\mathcal D\)-class is a group. The behaviour of locality for the analogous pseudovarieties \(DH\), where \(H\) is any group pseudovariety, is irregular. Observe that \(J = DT\). The author notes that the theorem follows from locality of \(J\ast\mathrm{Ab}_p\), but that the paper's methods do not allow the validity of the latter statement to be addressed. As a consequence, the author provides a new proof of the celebrated theorem \(PG=BG\), a brief history of which is provided by the author. According to standard methods, the key to this equality is the inclusion \(JmG \subseteq J\ast G\), where ``\(m\)'' denotes the Malcev product of pseudovarieties. Here, the author provides a new, combinatorial, proof of the following theorem of \textit{K. Auinger} and \textit{B. Steinberg} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 356, No. 2, 805--851 (2004; Zbl 1033.20028)] (proved there using profinite group theory): the inclusion \(JmH \subseteq J\ast H\) holds for any locally extensible pseudovariety \(H\) of groups. While various equivalent definitions of ``locally extensible'' may be used, the one of most relevance here is that for each group \(G\) in \(H\), there exists a prime \(p\) such that \(H\) contains each co-extension of \(G\) by an elementary abelian \(p\)-group.