Relation between the class of M. Sama and the class of \(\ell\)-stable functions (Q1750728)

Let \(X\) be a real Banach space with dual \(X^*\) and \(f: X\to\mathbb{R}\) be an arbitrary function with the associated Clarke generalized gradient mapping \(\partial f: X\rightrightarrows X^*\). The function \(f\) belongs to the family \({\mathcal F}(x)\) (in sense of M. Sama) if \(f\) is strictly differentiable at \(x\) and \(\partial f\) is calm at \((x,f'(x))\), i.e. if there exist a neighborhood \(U\) of \(x\) and a \(M>0\) such that \[ |y^*- f'(x)|\leq M|y- x|,\quad \forall y^*\in\partial f(y),\quad\forall y\in U. \] The function is called \(\ell\)-stable at \(x\) (in sense of D. Bednarik and K. Pastor) if there exist a neighborhood \(U\) of \(x\) and a \(K>0\) such that \[ |f^\ell(y;h)-f^\ell(x;h)|\leq K|y-x|,\quad\forall y\in U,\quad\forall h:|h|= 1, \] where \(f^\ell(x;h)\) is the lower directional derivative according to \[ f^ell(x;h)= \liminf_{t\downarrow 0}\,{f(x+ th)- f(x)\over t}. \] In the main part of the paper it is shown that any function \(f\in{\mathcal F}(x)\) is also \(\ell\)-stable at \(x\). If the function \(f\) is assumed to be continuous at \(x\) then both definitions are equivalent i.e. \(f\) belongs to \({\mathcal F}(x)\) if and only if \(f\) is \(\ell\)stable at \(x\). The results are used for the comparison of sufficient and necessary optimality conditions for free optimization problems which have been stated for mentioned classes of functions.