Generalized Fibonacci groups \(H(r,n,s)\) that are connected labelled oriented graph groups (Q1755287)

A labelled oriented graph (LOG) consists of a finite graph (possibly with loops and multiple edges) with vertex set \(V\) and edge set \(E\) together with three maps \(\iota, \tau, \lambda: \; E \rightarrow V\). A LOG determines a group presentation \(\langle V \mid \lambda(e)^{-1}\iota(e)\lambda(e)=\tau(e), \; e \in E \rangle\) and a group with a LOG presentation is called a \textit{LOG group}. The class of connected LOG groups coincides with the class of fundamental groups of complements of closed, orientable 2-manifolds embedded in \(S^{4}\), and so contains all knot groups. This article is devoted to the study of \textit{generalized Fibonacci groups}: \( H(r,n,s)= \langle x_{0},x_{1}, \ldots x_{n-1} \mid \prod_{j=0}^{r-1}x_{i+j}=\prod_{j=0}^{s-1}x_{i+j+r}, \;\; 0 \leq j <n \rangle \) where \(r,s \geq 1\), \(n \geq 2\) and subscripts are taken \(\bmod n\). The main result is Theorem A: If \(H(r,n,s)\) is a connected LOG group, then one of the following holds: (a) \(r=s\) and \(\mathrm{GCD}(r,n)=1\) in which case \(H(r,n,s) \simeq \langle a,b \mid a^{n}=b^{r} \rangle\) is the fundamental group of the complement of the \((r,n)\)-torus knot in \(S^{3}\); (b) \(\mathrm{GCD}(r,n,s)=2\) and either \(r \equiv 0 \mod n\) or \(s \equiv 0 \mod n\), in which cases \(H(r,n,s) \simeq \mathbb{Z}\); (c) \(\vert r-s \vert=2\), \(\{r,s\} \not = \{2,4\}\), \(r \not \equiv 0 \mod n\), \(s \not \equiv 0 \mod n\), and the group \(H(r/2,n/2,s/2)\) is perfect. Furthermore, it is conjectured that case (c) cannot be given. Let \(\beta\) be the Betti number (or torsion-free rank) of the abelianization of \(H(r,n,s)\). Theorem C: Let \(r,s \geq 1\), \(n \geq 2\). Then (a) if \(r \not =s\), then \(\beta=\mathrm{GCD}(r,n,s)-1\); (b) if \(r=s\), then \(b=\mathrm{GCD}(r,n)\).