Enumerative \(g\)-theorems for the Veronese construction for formal power series and graded algebras (Q1761475)

Given a standard graded algebra \(A = \bigoplus_{n \geqslant 0} A_n\) over a field \(k\) with Hilbert series \(\sum_{n \geqslant 0} \dim A_n t^n\), the authors are interested in the Hilbert series of the associated \(r\)-th Veronese algebra \(A^{\langle r \rangle} = \bigoplus_{n \geqslant 0} A_{r\cdot n}\), that is \(\sum_{n \geqslant 0} \dim A_{r \cdot n} t^n\). It is well known that the Hilbert series of any graded \(k\)-algebra of dimension \(d\) is a rational formal power series \[ a(t) = \sum_{n \geqslant 0} a_n t^n = \frac{h_0(a) + \dots + h_{\lambda}(a) t^{\lambda}}{(1-t)^d}, \quad \text{where } h_{\lambda}(a) \neq 0; \] hence, the authors consider the associated \(r\)-th Veronese series \[ a^{\langle r \rangle}(t) = \sum_{n \geqslant 0} a_{r\cdot n} t^n = \frac{h_0\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right) + \dots + h_{\lambda'}\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right) t^{\lambda'}}{(1-t)^d}. \] For such formal power series, they study the vector of coefficients of the numerator polynomial, the so-called \(h\)-vector \(h(a) = (h_0(a),\dots,h_{\lambda}(a))\), the \(g\)-vector \(g(a)\), defined as \(g_0(a) = h_0(a)\) and \(g_i(a) = h_i(a) - h_{i-1}(a)\), for \(1 \leqslant i \leqslant \left\lfloor \frac{\lambda}{2} \right\rfloor\), and they are interested in the relation between the \(h\)-vector of a series \(a(t)\) and vectors \(h\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right)\) and \(g\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right)\). Starting from a paper by \textit{F. Brenti} and the second author [Adv. Appl. Math. 42, No. 4, 545--556 (2009; Zbl 1230.05299)], in which it is shown that the transformation \(h(a) \mapsto h\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right)\) is linear, the authors analyze in details the coefficients of both linear transformations \(h(a) \mapsto h\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right)\) and \(h(a) \mapsto g\left(a^{\langle r \rangle}\right)\). Then, using an idea of \textit{S. Murai} [SIAM J. Discrete Math. 24, No. 3, 1019--1037 (2010; Zbl 1222.55015)], they describe some properties of a formal power series \(a(t)\) which ensure that the \(g\)-vector of the associated \(r\)-th Veronese series coincides with the \(f\)-vector of a \((d-1)\)-dimensional simplicial complex.