Torus period coefficients on \(\mathrm{PGL}(2)\) and Dirichlet series (Q1762313)

This paper shows the analytic continuation of three types of Dirichlet series obtained from certain expansions of automorphic forms on \(\mathrm{PGL}_2\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\). The method of proof is essentially the same in all three cases, and could also be applied in slightly more general situations. The first considered Dirichlet series \(D_E(s,w)\) is a double Dirichlet series whose coefficients in the expansion over the complex variable \(w\) are Hecke \(L\)-functions in \(s\) attached to everywhere unramified Hecke characters for a quadratic extension \(E\) of \(\mathbb{Q}\). This Dirichlet series can be realized as a spectral expansion of the Eisenstein series \(E_s(v_w,e)\). Here \(E_s(v,g)\) denotes the Eisenstein series attached to a vector \(v\) in the induced automorphic representation of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q})\) generated by the classical normalized Eisenstein series \(E_s(z)\) on the upper half-plane, and \(v_w\) is a carefully chosen vector, depending on the variable \(w\), in an appropriate Sobolev space completion of the induced representation, and \(e\) is the identity. The spectral expansion is obtained using the Plancherel formula, and an expression (obtained by unfolding) for the torus periods of the Eisenstein series, twisted by a Hecke character, over the torus in \(\mathrm{PGL}_2\) associated with the quadratic extension \(E\). The analytic continuation of the Dirichlet series now follows from the analytic continuation of the Eisenstein series, to which the method of this paper naturally applies. It is based on the fact that vectors \(v_w\) are approximate Hecke eigenvectors and uses the technique of analytic continuation strip by strip. The main result regarding this type of Dirichlet series is that \(D_E(s,w)\) can be analytically continued to a meromorphic function, and provides a family of lines in which the polar divisor of \(D_E(s,w)\) is contained. Note that for this type of Dirichlet series the analytic continuation also follows from the properties of Lerch zeta function [\textit{A. Laurinčikas} and \textit{R. Garunkštis}, The Lerch zeta-function. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002; Zbl 1028.11052)] and the functional equation for the Hecke \(L\)-functions. This approach provides the exact location of poles, but cannot be applied for the other two types of Dirichlet series considered in this paper. The second type of Dirichlet series is a Dirichlet series \(D_E(\phi,w)\) in one complex variable \(w\) attached to a Hecke-Maaß cusp form for the group \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\) and an imaginary quadratic extension \(E\) of \(\mathbb{Q}\). This Dirichlet series is formed using the coefficients obtained as twisted torus periods of \(\phi\) over the torus in \(\mathrm{PGL}_2\) associated to \(E\). These coefficients can be realized as coefficients in a Taylor-like expansion of \(\phi\) around a CM-point in terms of appropriately normalized matrix coefficients of the cuspidal automorphic representation \(\tau\) of \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{A}_\mathbb{Q})\) generated by \(\phi\). As in the first case, the analytic properties of the Dirichlet series can be related to those of an appropriate cusp form in \(\tau\), associated to a carefully chosen test vector, depending on \(w\), in an abstract realization of \(\tau\), and evaluated at the identity. The main result for this type of Eisenstein series is that \(D_E(\phi,w)\), normalized by \(\frac{2^{w/2}}{\Gamma\left(\frac{1-w}{2}\right)}\), has analytic continuation to a holomorphic function in the whole complex plane. As pointed out by the authors, the analytic continuation in this case can also be deduced using methods of \textit{R. Bruggeman} et al. [Dev. Math. 28, 107--201 (2013; Zbl 1263.22007)]. The third type of Dirichlet series is quite similar to the second. It is again a Dirichlet series \(D_E(\phi,w)\) in one variable, where now \(E\) is a real quadratic extension of \(\mathbb{Q}\). Hence, \(E\) corresponds to a closed geodesic in \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\backslash \mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{R})\), and \(D_E(\phi,w)\) is formed with coefficients given by twisted hyperbolic periods. The main result in this case is that \(D_E(\phi,w)\), normalized by the same factor as in the previous case, analytically continues to a holomorphic function on the whole plane.