Number fields generated by the 3-torsion points of an elliptic curve (Q1762472)

This paper studies in detail the \(m\)-torsion subgroup of an elliptic curve defined over the field of rational numbers, with particular attention to the case \(m=3\) in view of further arithmetic applications (local-to-global divisibility problems). Fix an elliptic curve \(E\) defined over the field of rational numbers \({\mathbb Q}\) and fix a Weierstrass equation \(y^2=x^3+bx+c\) (with \(a,b\in{\mathbb Q}\)) of \(E\). For any positive integer \(m\) let \(E[m]\) denote the \(m\)-torsion subgroup of \(E(\bar{\mathbb Q})\) and \({\mathbb Q}(E[m])\) denote the field generated over \(\mathbb Q\) by the (affine) coordinates of all points in \(E[m]\); also denote \({\mathbb Q}(E_x[m])\) the field generated over \({\mathbb Q}\) by the \(x\)-coordinates of all points in \(E[m]\). It is well-known that \({\mathbb Q}(E[m])={\mathbb Q}(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2)\) where \(P_1=(x_1,y_2)\) and \(P_2=(x_2,y_2)\) are generators \(E[m]\). Finally, let \(\zeta_m\) denote a primitive \(m\)-th root of unity. The main results of the paper are the following: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(\zeta_m\in {\mathbb Q}(E_x[m])\); \item[(2)] \({\mathbb Q}(E[m])={\mathbb Q}(x_1,x_2,\zeta_m,y_1)\); \item[(3)] a complete classification of the Galois group \(\text{Gal}({\mathbb Q}(E[3])/{\mathbb Q})\) as \(b\) and \(c\) vary in \({\mathbb Q}\). \end{itemize}} The classification in (3) above is quite interesting and very well detailed in a sequence of technical lemmas, whose proofs are all clear and well explained.