The brain: Fuzzy arithmetic to quantum computing (Q1762589)

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The brain: Fuzzy arithmetic to quantum computing
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    The brain: Fuzzy arithmetic to quantum computing (English)
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    11 February 2005
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    This textbook on brain neurology considers, besides fuzzy grammars, fuzzy languages and classical information processing, also quantum information and computation as well to be essential to explain the brain as an intelligent processing system. Up to now there seems to be no evidence whether quantum algorithmic procedures happen in brain actions, but the authors develop definite neurophysiologic approaches how it may be realized. The book is organized in 10 chapters beginning with a review of the literature showing how certain animals and human beings manipulate the cardinality of sets. In chapter two the neuron is assumed to be a fuzzy formal language processor by cause of the modern view that synaptic events involve complex chains of chemical transactions. How this can be understood in the framework of molecular neurobiology is described in some detail. To that end, fuzzy grammars, and fuzzy formal languages are introduced and adapted to brain processing. In chapter three the brain is described as a distributed intelligent processing system (DIPS) being composed of specialized neurons responsible for the solution of different tasks. This is in contrast to the neuronal net model, which assumes the neurons to be identical. Intelligence means, that the system is capable to adapt himself to solve new tasks. Thinking involves cooperation of agents distributed in different regions of the brain. Communication channels consisting of chemical transactions are considered. Procedures of learning are described. How neural computational mechanisms can support cognitive processes is explained in chapter four. Here elements of quantum information, communication, and computation are introduced and it is conjectured how quantum information processing may be realized in cellular processes. More specific, \(Ca^{2+}\) ions trapped in the dentritic spine influenced by the electromagnetic fields of moving \(Na^+\) and \(Ka^+\) ions may change their quantum state and work as an ion trap quantum computing device. This is concretized in chapter five, where the trapping of \(Ca^{2+}\) in molecular cavities, the dentritic spine qubit and the realization of quantum gates is considered. As an example, the neurobiological implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm is explained. Quantum cortical recognition devices are modeled. Several items: learning recognizing faces, and generation of consciousness supported by entanglement including superdense coding are considered. Entanglement and quantum parallelism are assumed to be important for the working memory to coordinate many different processing areas being involved, when a task has to be solved. In chapter six memetics is described.. After defining the concept of meme a formal language is used to describe the spreading of memes among different individuals by learning and adopting. The evolution of mathematical competence is contemplated as an example. This example is brought forward in chapter seven where distributed intelligent processing systems are specified and concretely represented by K fuzzy number circuits which evolve through accumulation and classifying circuits to crisp number- and finally to real number circuits. It is described how the brain handles arithmetics and how arithmetic knowledge evolves. The experimental results of a new technique of EEG mapping of brain activity adapted to the distributed intelligence processing system are shown in chapter eight. They concern mainly the observation of activities arising during arithmetic cognition processes in elementary school aged children and in adults. There is a clear cut distinction between male and female test persons. In chapter nine the influence of brain damages on arithmetic learning capabilities of children is considered. In the final chapter ten the evolution of arithmetic knowledge in school is analyzed. The authors conclude, that difficulties may disappear, when teachers take into account the physiology of arithmetic neural circuits of their scholars which differs from those of adults. This textbook is highly interesting and readable.
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    brain actions
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    neurophysiology
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    arithmetic neural circuit
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    fuzzy grammar
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    fuzzy language
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    neurochemical transaction
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    distributed intelligent processing system
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