On the change of the Jordan form under the transition from the adjacency matrix of a vertex-transitive digraph to its principal submatrix of co-order one (Q1765897)

Square matrices \(A\) of the set \(J(\lambda; n_1, \dots, n_k)\) that have an eigenvalue \(\lambda\) and \(v\) is one of their indices are considered. Indices \(n_1 \leq \dots, \leq n_k\) are the sizes of the Jordan blocks associated with \(\lambda\). By \(A-v\) is denoted the principal submatrix of co-order one obtained by deleting the \(v\)th column and row from \(A\). It is shown that if \(A\) is the adjacency matrix of a vertex-transitive graph then its algebraic multiplicity decreases by one under the transition from \(A\) to \(A-v\). All possible changes of the part of the Jordan form corresponding to \(\lambda\) under the transition from \(A\) to \(A-v\) are obtained for matrices \(A \in J(\lambda; n_1, \dots, n_k)\) such that for \(\lambda\) of \(A\) and its transpose \(A^{\text{T}}\) there exists a Jordan chain with the largest length \(n_k\) whose eigenvector has nonzero \(v\)th entry. It is proved that for almost every matrix \(A \in J(\lambda; n_1, \dots, n_k)\) the change of the part of the Jordan form corresponds to \(\lambda\) under the transition from \(A\) to \(A-v\). Also, it is shown that the change of the part of the Jordan form corresponding to a given eigenvalue \(\lambda\) under the transition from \(A\) to \(A-v\) when \(A\) is the adjacency matrix of a vertex-transitive digraph is characterized by the sizes \(n_1, \dots, n_{k-2},2n_{k-1}-1\) of Jordan blocks for the case \(k \geq 2\). If \(k=1\) then \(\lambda\) is a simple eigenvalue of \(A\) and does not belong to the spectrum of \(A-v\).