The combinatorics of a three-line circulant determinant (Q1766468)

The authors study the polynomial \(\Phi(x,y) = \prod_{j=0}^{p-1} (1-x\omega^j - y\omega^{qj})\), where \(\omega\) is a primitive root of unity. They prove that it is the determinant of the \(p \times p\) circulant matrix with first row \((1, -x, 0, \ldots, 0, -y, 0, \ldots, 0)\) where \(-y\) is in position \(q+1\). The authors also prove, for example, that the monomial \(x^ry^s\) appears in \(\Phi\) if and only if \(p\) divides \(r+sq\).