Linear preservers of zeros of matrix polynomials (Q1779400)

The problem of classification of linear transformations preserving zeros of matrix polynomials over semirings is considered. One denotes by \(\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathcal{S})\) the set of \(n\times n\) matrices over \(\mathcal{S}\), where \(\mathcal{S}\) is an antinegative semiring with a unique invertible element with respect to multiplication and without zero divisors. A product of commutators \(P_{m_{1}},\dots,P_{m_{k}}\) of lengths \(m_1,\dots,m_k\) respectively has the expression \[ f(x_1,\dots,x_{m_1},\dots,x_{m_{k-1}+1},\dots,x_{m_k})=P_{m_1,,\dots,m_k} \] \[ =\big[[\dots[[x_1,x_2],x_3],\dots],x_{m_1}\big]\cdots\big[[\dots[x_{m_{k-1}+1},x_{m_{k-1}+2}],\dots],x_{m_k}\big] \] and \(f\) is a polynomial with integer coefficients; \(f_+(x_1,\dots,x_{m_k})\) and \(f_-(x_1,\dots,x_{m_k})\) denote the polynomials which consist of all terms of \(f\) that have respectively positive and negative coefficients. The set \(\{(X_1,X_2,\dots,X_{m_k})\in(\mathcal{M}_n(\mathcal{S}))^{m_k}| f_+(X_1,\dots,X_{m_k})=f_-(X_1,\dots,X_{m_k})\}\) is denoted by \(\mathcal{V}(P_{m_1,,\dots,m_k})\), by \(\mathcal{V}(P_{m})\) if \(k=1,\;m_1=m\) and by \(\mathcal{V}(P_{2_k})\) if \(m_1=\cdots=m_k=2\). In the paper, linear preservers of \(\mathcal{V}(P_{2_k})\), \(k\geq2\), \(\mathcal{V}(P_{m})\), \(m\geq3\) are characterized, as well as of \(\mathcal{V}(P_{m_1,,\dots,m_k})\) over \(\mathbb{Z}_+\). For instance, it is shown that a bijective linear transformation \(T:\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathcal{S})\rightarrow\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathcal{S})\), \(n>3\) preserves the set \(\mathcal{V}(P_{2_k})\) if and only if there exists a permutation matrix \(P\in\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathcal{S})\) such that \(T(X)=PXP^{-1}\) or \(T(X)=PX^tP^{-1}\), \(\forall X\in\mathcal{M}_{n}(\mathcal{S})\). Linear preservers of zeros of multivariable polynomials over fields are considered and the differences with the semirings case are emphasized.