A contribution to quasi-orthogonal polynomials and associated polynomials (Q1779822)

Let \([a,b]\) be a (finite or infinite) real interval and \(\alpha\) a measure with infinitely many points of increase and such that all moments are finite: \[ \int_a^b\,x^nd\alpha(x)\text{ finite },\;c_0:=\int_a^b\,d\alpha(x)>0. \] The family of orthogonal polynomials with respect to \(\alpha\) is denoted by \(\{\Delta_n(x)\}\), they satisfy \[ \int_a^b\,x^i\Delta_n(x)d\alpha(x)=0\;(0\leq i\leq n-1),\;\text{degree }\Delta_n=n,\eqno{(1)} \] \[ \Delta_{n+1}(x)=(x+B_{n+1})\Delta_n(x)-C_{n+1}\Delta_{n-1}(x),\;n\geq 0.\eqno{(2)} \] The associated polynomials \(\Delta_n^{(k)}(x)\) are defined by \[ \Delta_n^{(k)}(x)=\int_a^b\,{\Delta_{n+1}^{(k-1)}(x)-\Delta_{n+1}^{(k-1)}(x)\over x-t}\,d\alpha(x) \,(n\geq 1),\;\Delta_0^{(k)}(x)=c_0^k\;(k\geq 1). \] \(\Delta_n^{(0)}\equiv \Delta_n\) and the recurrence relations can be found by shifting the indices in (2) from \(n+1\) to \(n+k+1\). Quasi-orthogonal polynomials [studied a.o. by \textit{C. Brezinski, K. A. Driver} and \textit{M. Redivio-Zaglia}, Appl. Numer. Math. 48, 157--168 (2004; Zbl 1047.33002)] are polynomials \(R_{n,r}\) satisfying \[ \int_a^b\,x^iR_{n,r,}(x)d\alpha(x)=\begin{cases} 0 &\text{ for }0\leq i\leq n-r-1, \\ \not= 0 &\text{ for }i=n-r.\end{cases} \] The author derives a recurrence relation for these polynomials \[ \begin{aligned} R_{n,r}&=U_r\Delta_{n-r+1}+(C_r-C_{n-r+2}U_{r-2})\Delta_{n-r} \\ &=U_r\Delta_{n-r}-C_{n-r+1}U_{r-1}\Delta_{n-r-1} \\ &=(U_{r+1}-C_{r+1})\Delta_{n-r-1}-C_{n-2}U_r\Delta_{n-r-2},\end{aligned} \] with polynomials \(\{U_r\}\) from \[ U_r=(x+B_{n-r+1})U_{r-1}+(C_r-C_{n-r+2}U_{r-2})\;(n\geq 0),\;U_0=1,\;U_{-1}=0. \] From the well known determinant representation for the \(\Delta_n^{(k)}\) the author then derives a similar expression for \(R_{n,r}\) and its associated polynomials \(R_{n,r}^{(k)}\) as the determinant of a tri-diagonal matrix within its final row some extra entries. Using this form, new recurrence relations for \(\Delta_n^{(k)}\) and \(R_{n,r}^{(k)}\) are derived and, moreover, a number of results on the zeros of \(R_{n,0},R_{n,1}\) and \(R_{n,2}\) is given (interlacing properties, conditions in connection with the location in- or outside the interval of orthogonality, etc.).