Subharmonic bifurcations in a perturbed nonlinear oscillation (Q1780783)

The paper studies subharmonic bifurcations inside the homoclinic orbits and outside for the general form of perturbed two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems \[ x''+g(x)+g_1(x)=-\lambda x'+\mu(f(t)+f_1(t)), \tag{1} \] where both the pair \((\lambda ,\mu )\) of real numbers and the pair \((g_1,f_1)\) of functions are regarded as bifurcation parameters. Equation (1) is studied under the following hypotheses: (H1) \(g(0)=0\), \(g'(0)<0\), \(g\in C^2\), and the unperturbed equation \[ x''+g(x)=0 \] has two homoclinic orbits \(\Gamma _{\pm}=\{(p_{\pm}(t),p'_{\pm}(t)):t\in\mathbb R\}\) such that \(p_{+}(0)>0\), \(p_{-}(0)<0\), \(p'_{\pm}(0)=0\), \(g(p_{+}(0))>0\), and \(g(p_{-}(0))<0\); (H2) \(f\in\mathcal F_T\), where \(\mathcal F_T\) is the space of \(T\)-periodic continuous functions; (H3) \(g_1\in C^2\), \(g_1(0)=0\), \(| g_1| _2\) is small, \(f_1\) is \(T\)-periodic, and \(| f_1| _{\infty}\) is small. It is proved that under (H1-H3) and some additional conditions, a neighborhood of \((g_1,f_1)=0\) in \(C^2_b\times\mathcal F_T\), where \(C^2_b\) is the space of bounded \(C^2\) functions on \(\mathbb R\) with bounded derivatives up to the second order, is divided by two manifolds of codimension 1 such that when \((g_1,f_1)\) lies off the manifolds, a neighborhood of \((\mu ,\lambda )\) in \(\mathbb R^2\) is decomposed into four pairs of sectors in which equation (1) has subharmonic solutions inside the homoclinic loop \(\Gamma =\Gamma_{+}\cup\Gamma_{-}\cup\{(0,0)\}\) on both sides, only on the left-hand side, only on the right-hand side and has no subharmonic solutions, respectively. Results in the case of \((g_1,f_1)\) on one of the manifolds and the case on the intersection of the manifolds are also given. The corresponding results outside the loop \(\Gamma\) and criteria for codimensions of the bifurcation manifolds are also presented. The paper continues investigations of homoclinic bifurcations in equation (1) by the second author [Acta Math. Sin., New Ser. 5, 170--184 (1989; Zbl 0691.34031)]. The results obtained generalize the results of \textit{J. K.~Hale} and \textit{A.~Spezamiglio} [Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl. 9, 181--192 (1985; Zbl 0563.34040)].