An old new class of meromorphic functions (Q1790631)

The Hamiltonian system \[ p'=-q^2 -zp -\alpha, \quad q'=p^2 +zq +\beta \] with the Hamiltonian \(H(z,p,q)=(1/3)(p^3+q^3)+zpq +\beta p +\alpha q\) was found by \textit{T. Kecker} [J. Anal. Math. 129, 197--218 (2016; Zbl 1360.34182); Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 16, No. 2, 307--317 (2016; Zbl 1345.34146)]. This system is closely related to the fourth Painlevé equation P\(_{\text{IV}}\), and admits the Painlevé property, that is, every solution \((p,q)\) is meromorphic on \(\mathbb{C}\). The poles of \((p,q)\) are simple and the residues are given by \((\varrho,-\bar{\varrho})\) with \(\varrho^3=1\). This paper studies value distribution properties for \((p,q)\) and, as an application, completely determines all transcendental solutions \(w(z)\) to P\(_{\text{IV}}\) with positive Nevanlinna deficiency \(\delta(0, w)\) (see also [\textit{N. Steinmetz}, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Math. 42, No. 1, 17--49 (2017; Zbl 1372.34138), Theorem 10.1]). The result on the growth order of solutions to P\(_{\text{IV}}\) yields \(T(r,p)+T(r,q) =O(r^4).\) Furthermore, by the rescaling method, it is shown that every transcendental solution \((p,q)\) satisfies \(r^2 \ll n(r,\Lambda) \ll r^4\), and that \(n(r_k, \Lambda) \asymp r_k^4\) for some sequence \(r_k\to\infty\) if \({\mathfrak{C}} (p,q) \not \subset \{0, 1/3 \}\). Here, \(\Lambda\) denotes the set of poles of \(p\) in \(\mathbb{C}\setminus\{0\}\), \(n(r,\Lambda)\) the number of the poles in \( \Lambda \cap \{ z ; \, |z| < r \},\) and \({\mathfrak{C}}(p,q)\) a cluster set associated with the values taken by \(z^{-3}H(z,p(z),q(z))\), which is compact and connected. A major part of this paper is devoted to the study on the family of solutions of minimal growth \({\mathfrak{P}} ={\mathfrak{P}}_{\alpha, \beta}=\{ (p,q)\, ; \,\, n(r,\Lambda)\asymp r^2 \}.\) Every \((p,q)\in \mathfrak{P}\) satisfies \({\mathfrak{C}}(p,q) =\{1/3\},\) because \(p,q\) with \({\mathfrak{C}}(p,q)=\{0\}\) and \(n(r,\Lambda)=O(r^2)\) are rational. Discussing strings of poles, distribution of the residues of poles and asymptotic solutions in pole-free sectors, the author gives certain reduction theorems with respect to residues for \((p,q) \in \mathfrak{P}\) by Bäcklund transformations. In the final section, applying these results he derives all the solutions \(w(z)\) to P\(_{\text{IV}}\) such that \(\delta(0,w)>0\).