Löwenheim numbers for skeletons of varieties (Q1803014)

If \(\mathfrak K\) is a class of algebras, denote by \({\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak K}\) the collection of all isomorphism types of \(\mathfrak K\)-algebras. Introduce the quasiordering relations \(\ll\) and \(\leq\) by: \(\alpha\ll \beta\) \((\alpha\leq \beta)\) holds iff an algebra of type \(\alpha\) is a homomorphic image of an algebra of type \(\beta\) (an algebra of type \(\alpha\) is isomorphically embedded in an algebra of type \(\beta\)), and the semigroup operation \(\times\) by: \(\alpha\times \beta= c\) iff the Cartesian product of algebras of types \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) is isomorphic to an algebra of type \(c\). The epimorphness (embeddability) skeleton of a variety \(\mathfrak M\) of algebras is \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M};\ll\rangle\) \((\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M};\leq\rangle)\) and the Cartesian skeleton of \(\mathfrak M\) is \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M};\times\rangle\). The complete skeleton of \(\mathfrak M\) is \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M};\ll,<,\times\rangle\). For each cardinal \(\kappa\) denote by \({\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa}\) the collection \({\mathfrak I}\{{\mathfrak A}\in {\mathfrak M}: | {\mathfrak A}|<\kappa\}\). The bounded skeletons of a variety \({\mathfrak M}\) are \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa};\ll\rangle\), \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa};\leq\rangle\), \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa};\times\rangle\) and \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa};\ll,\leq,\times\rangle\). The Löwenheim number for the epimorphness skeleton of a variety \(\mathfrak M\) is the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for all \({\mathfrak M}\)- algebras \({\mathfrak A}_ 1,{\mathfrak A}_ 2,\dots,{\mathfrak A}_ n\) \((n\in\omega)\) there exist a cardinal \(\kappa'\leq \kappa\) and algebras \({\mathfrak A}_ 1',{\mathfrak A}_ 2',\dots,{\mathfrak A}_ n'\in{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa'}\) such that the elementary theories of \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M};\ll,{\mathfrak A}_ 1,\dots,{\mathfrak A}_ n\rangle\) and \(\langle{\mathfrak I}{\mathfrak M}_{<\kappa'};\ll,{\mathfrak A}_ 1',\dots,{\mathfrak A}_ n'\rangle\) coincide. The Löwenheim numbers of the other skeletons of \(\mathfrak M\) are defined similarly. The Löwenheim number of the complete second-order logic is the smallest cardinal \(\kappa\) such that for an arbitrary algebraic system \(\mathfrak A\) of finite signature there exists an algebraic system \({\mathfrak A}'\) of a cardinality not exceeding \(\kappa\) such that the theories of the systems \(\mathfrak A\) and \({\mathfrak A}'\) in the complete second-order logic coincide. Theorem 1. The Löwenheim number for the complete skeleton of an arbitrary finitely axiomatizable variety of finite signature does not exceed the Löwenheim number of the complete second-order logic. Theorem 2. Let \(\mathfrak M\) be a non-trivial congruence-distributive finitely axiomatizable variety of finite signature such that all \({\mathfrak M}\)-algebras contain subalgebras isomorphic to some fixed simple algebra. Then the Löwenheim number for the Cartesian skeleton of the variety \(\mathfrak M\) coincides with the Löwenheim number of the complete second- order logic.