Invariance and commutativity properties of some classes of solutions of the matrix differential equation \(X(t)X'(t)=X'(t)X(t)\) (Q1805197)

Concerning the matrix differential equation \(X(t)X'(t) = X'(t)X(t)\) the author proves the following facts: If for every \(t \in \Omega \subset \mathbb{R}\) a solution \(X(t) \in \mathbb{C}^{n \times n}\) is similar to \(\text{diag} [J_ q(0), \dots, J_ q(0)]\), then for every \(k \in \{0, \dots, q\}\) the kernel and the image of \(X(t)^ k\) do not depend on \(t \in \Omega\). In this case, the obvious nilpotency of index \(q\) of \(X(t)\), \(X(t)^ q = 0\) \((\forall t \in \Omega)\) spreads on \(\Omega\): \(X(t_ 1) \dots X(t_ q) = 0_ n\). This implies that for \(q = 2\), the solution \(X\) is necessarily commutative, \(X(s)X(t) = X(t)X(s)\). When \(q = 3\), there are analytic solutions that are not commutative. The author completely describes the solutions of \(XX' = X'X\) such that \(X^ 2 = 0\) and constructs a class of analytic solutions whose kernel and image are not constant.