Semi-classical character and finite-type relations between polynomial sequences (Q1807759)

This (long) paper studies so-called finite-type relations of the form \[ A(x)P_n(x)=\sum_{\nu=n-t}^{n+t} \lambda_{n,\nu}P_{\nu}(x),\;\lambda_{n,n-t}\not= 0,\;n\geq t, \] where \(A\) is a polynomial of degree \(t\) and \(\{P_n\}\) a sequence of monic polynomials with deg\( P_n=n\). This type of relations is well known in the context of orthogonal polynomials (three terms), but the subject has not been investigated for itself outside the realm of orthogonality. After a short introduction (section 1) into the vector space \(\mathcal P\) of all polynomials and its dual with the usual calculus for linear functionals (derivative, product with a polynomial), some fundamental results are derived (section 2), covering a.o. the situation of orthogonal polynomials and generalizations (including coherent pairs). In section 3 the author turns to semi-classical orthogonal sequences while sections 4 and 5 treat the same for the case where the differential operator is replaced by Hahn's operator \[ ({\mathcal D}_{\omega}f)(x):={f(x+\omega)-f(x)\over \omega},\;f\in{\mathcal P},\;\omega\not= 0, \] and \[ (H_qf)(x):={f(qx)-f(x)\over (q-1)x},\;f\in{\mathcal P}, \] respectively. The final section treats \(2\)-orthogonal classical sequences (orthogonality with respect to a pair of functionals) where the orthogonal polynomials satisfy a \(4\)-term recurrence relation. Specifically, the situation where the sequence \(P_n^{[1]}(x)= P_{n+1}(x)/(n+1),\;n\geq 0\), is also \(2\)-orthogonal (Hahn's property) is looked into. Conditions on the underlying functionals to lead to Hahn's property are derived.