The ultratriangular form for prime-power lattice rules (Q1807784)

A lattice rule \(Q\) is a quadrature rule for \([0,1)^s\) which may be expressed in the form \[ Qf={1\over d_1d_2\cdots d_t} \sum^{d_1- 1}_{j_1= 0} \sum^{d_2- 1}_{j_2= 0}\cdots \sum^{d_t- 1}_{j_t= 0} f\Biggl(\Biggl\{j_1 {{\mathbf z}_1\over d_1}+ j_2{{\mathbf z}_2\over d_2}+\cdots+ j_t{{\mathbf z}_t\over d_t}\Biggr\}\Biggr). \] This rule applies an equal weight to each of those \(N\) points of an \(s\)-dimensional lattice which lie in the integration domain. This form (a \(D\)-\(Z\) form) of this rule is conventionally abbreviated by \({\mathcal Q}[t,D,Z,s]\), where \(D= \text{diag}\{d_i\}\) and \(Z\) is a matrix whose \(i\)th row is \({\mathbf z}_i\). This form is far from unique. Continuing research of which the paper forms part is devoted to finding a unique form for each rule. One approach, based on Kronecker's celebrated group classification theorem, has led to what is termed a canonical form. This is one in which \(d_i\) is a factor of \(d_{i-1}\) and \(t\) takes the smallest possible value. This mitigates the problem. \(D\) is now unique, but many choices for \(Z\) remain. In the form the value of \(t\) is termed the rank and the set \(d_i\) the invariants. The prime power case in which the abscissa count \(N\) is a prime power has been treated in a previous paper [cf. \textit{J. N. Lyness} and \textit{S. Joe}, Math. Comput. 65, No. 213, 165-178 (1996; Zbl 0853.65031)]. This defines an ultratriangular \(D\)-\(Z\) form in which \(Z\) is a uniquely specified permutation of a unit upper triangular integer matrix, the required permutation being denoted by column indices \((\eta_1,\eta_2,\dots, \eta_t)\). The present paper takes the theory a step forward. When the rule \(Q\) can be expressed as a direct sum of lattice rules \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\), both being prime power rules (with different primes) both having the same set of column indices, then the ultratriangular form can be extended in a unique way. A special case of such a rule is a ``projection regular'' lattice rule, which has been discussed in the literature. At the end, the authors provide a formula for the number \(\psi_s(p^{\alpha_1},\dots, p^{\alpha_t};\eta_1,\dots, \eta_t)\) of distinct prime power lattice rules having the specified invariants and column indices.