Exponentially small splitting of homoclinic orbits of parabolic differential equations under periodic forcing (Q1812316)

Semilinear parabolic systems of the type \[ u_t=Au+f(u, \lambda)+\varepsilon^p g(u, t/\varepsilon, \lambda, \varepsilon), \quad u(0)\in X^\gamma, \] are considered, with an unbounded operator \(A\) such that \(A\) has compact resolvent and \(-A\) is sectorial in a Hilbert space \(X\); here \(X^\gamma\) denotes the interpolation space between \(X\) and \(D(A)\), the domain of \(A\). Basically, it is assumed that both \(f\) and \(g\) are analytic in all its variables, for \(u\) in the complexified space \(X_{{\mathbb C}}^\gamma\). In addition, \(g(u, \cdot, \lambda, \varepsilon)\) is \(1\)-periodic. The main hypotheses concern an orbit \(\Gamma=\Gamma(t)\) which is homoclinic to some hyperbolic equilibrium point \(u_0\) (with finite-dimensional unstable manifold) for \(\varepsilon=0\) and \(\lambda=0\). For this orbit it is supposed that it has an extension to complex times in a strip about the real axis, and taking its values in \(X^\gamma\). Some further geometric assumptions are introduced, mainly meaning that at \(\Gamma\) the tangent spaces of the stable and unstable manifolds for \((\varepsilon, \lambda)=(0, 0)\) intersect only along \(\dot{\Gamma}\). Then a ``flow box'' \(B\) is fixed near the local stable manifold of \(u_0\). For every \(\varepsilon>0\) small let \(I(\varepsilon)\) denote those parameters \(\lambda\) such that the stable manifold in \(B\) and the unstable manifold in \(B\) for the system at parameters \((\varepsilon, \lambda)\) intersect, i.e., give rise to homoclinic points. The main result of the paper asserts that \(I(\varepsilon)\) is an interval of length \(| I(\varepsilon)| \leq C\exp(-c/\varepsilon)\). Some further geometrical quantities are also bounded by \(C\exp(-c/\varepsilon)\), for instance the distance of these stable and unstable manifolds in \(B\). The paper can be viewed as a generalization to infinite-dimensional systems of the results from \textit{B. Fiedler} and \textit{J. Scheurle} [Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 570 (1996; Zbl 0923.34049)].