Models for inconsistent and incomplete differential calculus (Q1813232)

By fixing an infinitesimal nonstandard real number, a subquotient ring of the nonstandard reals is constructed, which has an ample supply of nilpotent elements. This leads to an equational treatment of Taylor polynomials for real functions (meaning here really only polynomial functions!). It is not clear to the reviewer why a three-valued ``inconsistent'' background logic has to be quoted for this particular aspect. A comparison is made with the approach of synthetic differential geometry (SDG) [as in, say, the reviewer's book ``Synthetic differential geometry'' (1981; Zbl 0466.51008)], where there is also an ample supply of nilpotent numbers. In SDG, the background logic is also nonclassical, but derives from the semantics (sheaf semantics), and as such has an objective character. An important mathematical difference is further that in SDG, a product of two first order infinitesimals need not be 0, allowing for the consideration of ``independent infinitesimals''.