Medial near-rings (Q1825937)

This paper considers (left) near-rings satisfying one of the identities: \(abcd=acbd\) (medial), \(abc=bac\) (left permutable), \(abc=acb\) (right permutable). The structure of these near-rings is investigated using the additive and Lie commutators and the set of nilpotent elements, N(R). Simple and subdirectly irreducible medial near-rings are characterized and prime ideals are shown to be completely prime in medial near-rings. For right permutable near-rings and for d.g. medial near-rings these results are sharpened, binomial theorems are obtained, and N(R) is shown to be an ideal which contains the additive and Lie commutators. It is shown with examples that N(R) need not be an ideal for R left permutable. Natural examples are given which both illustrate and delimit the theory as well as establish connections with analysis and geometry.