Vertex algebras and the cohomology ring structure of Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces (Q1849646)

In the paper the authors use the vertex algebra techniques to determine the generators of \({\mathbb H}_{n}=H^{*}(X^{[n]};{\mathbb Q})\) the cohomology ring of the Hilbert scheme of points on a smooth projective surface \(X\) over the field of complex numbers. The set of \(n\cdot \dim H^{*}(X ;{\mathbb Q})\) generators for the cohomology ring \({\mathbb H}_{n}\) has been found and the relations among them have been interpreted in terms of certain operators belonging to \({\mathbb H}\), where \({\mathbb H}= {\bigoplus}_{n\geq 0}{\mathbb H}_{n}.\) More precisely, let \[ G(\gamma , n)=p_{1*}(\text{ch} {\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal Z}_{n}}\cdot p_{2}^{*} \text{td}(X)\cdot p_{2}^{*} \gamma) \in H^{*}(X^{[n]};{\mathbb Q}), \] where \({\gamma}\in H^{*}(X; {\mathbb Q}),\) \(n\geq 0,\) \({{\mathcal Z}_{n}}\) is the universal codimension-2 subscheme of \(X^{[n]}\times X ,\) td\((X)\) is the Todd class of the sheaf \({\mathcal O}_{{\mathcal Z}_{n}},\) and \(p_{1},\) \(p_{2}\) are the natural projections of \(X^{[n]}\times X \) to \(X^{[n]}\) and \(X\) respectively. Let \({\mathcal B}(\gamma) = {\bigoplus}_{n\geq 0} G({\gamma} , n)\) be an element of \(\text{End}(\mathbb H)\), where \(G({\gamma} , n)\) acts on \({\mathbb H}_{n}\) by cup product. For \(i \in {\mathbb Z},\) \({\gamma}\in H^{s}(X ; {\mathbb Q})\) let \(G_{i}({\gamma} , n)\) denote the component of \(G({\gamma} , n)\) in \(H^{s+2i}(X^{[n]};{\mathbb Q})\) and \({\mathcal B}_{i}(\gamma) = {\bigoplus}_{n\geq 0} G_{i}({\gamma} , n).\) The main theorem of the paper is the following (theorem 5.30): Theorem: For \(n\geq 1,\) the cohomology ring \({\mathbb H}_{n}=H^{*}(X^{[n]};{\mathbb Q})\) is generated by \[ G_{i}({\gamma}, n) = {\mathcal B}_{i}(\gamma)(1_{X^{[n]}}) \] where \(0\leq i < n\) and \(\gamma\) runs over a linear basis of \(H^{*}(X; {\mathbb Q}).\) Moreover, the relations among these generators are precisely the relations among the restrictions \({\mathcal B}_{i}(\gamma)|_{{\mathbb H}_{n}}\) of the corresponding operators \({\mathcal B}_{i}(\gamma)\) to \({\mathbb H}_{n}.\) It is worth mentioning that the above result generalises the work of \textit{G. E. Ellingsrud} and \textit{S. A. S. Stromme} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 441, 33-44 (1993; Zbl 0814.14003)], where the case \(X={\mathbb P}^2\) was considered. As the authors acknowledge the paper was inspired by the work of Ellingsrud and Stromme as well as of \textit{M. Lehn} [Invent. Math. 136, 157-207 (1999; Zbl 0919.14001)].