Generalized thermodynamics. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes and generalized hydrodynamics (Q1860570)

The present monograph develops a purely phenomenological thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes. There macroscopic phenomena far removed from equilibrium, at the nonlinear stage, are studied in a manner consistent with the laws of thermodynamics. The tool to develop the thermodynamic theory is the generalizd thermodynamics, which also extends the classical hydrodynamics of Navier, Stokes and Fourier to nonlinear irreversible processes. It considers a nonequilibrium entropy analogue, the calortropy, which is a state function in a relevant thermodynamic space. In the present book after a short introduction, in Chapter 2 the notion of temperature in equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems is defined, so that this keyword may be used unambiguously in the subsequent development of the theory of irreversible processes. The global form of the first law of thermodynamics is given for irreversible procesess in part 3, including internal work and non-classical heat transfer. In Section 4, the second law of thermodynamics is examined in detail from the historical context. Extending the Clausius theory for equilibrium thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics for global irreversible processes in macroscopic continuous media of finite size is derived. There, at the place of the Clausius equilibrium entropy the calortropy of irreversible processes is introduced. Chapter 5 deals with the further investigation of the global irreversible thermodynamics discussing some simple applications like global thermodynamic forces and neural networks. Conservation laws of mass, mass fraction and momentum are given. The local densities of global thermodynamic variables obey balance equations. Therefore the local densities can be regarded as field variables described by partial differential equations in space-time. Thus, in the chapters 6 and 7, preparatory studies are made to develop a local field theory of irreversible processes. Chapter 6 deals with the derivation of balance equations associated with the second law of thermodynamics. These balance equations are accompanied by the conservation law of mass and momentum, which do not explicitly appear in equilibrium thermodynamics. The subject of Chapter 7 is the extended Gibbs relation for local irreversible processes (for the calortropy). Basing on the extended Gibbs relation, in Chapter 8 the local irreversible thermodynamics is presented. Integrating factors, integrability conditions and Maxwell's relations are studied. The special case of the thermodynamics of linear irreversible processes is shortly analysed in Chapter 9. There especially the connection between the conventional theory of linear irreversible processes and the present generalized thermodynamics is outlined, and applications for ultrasonic wave dispersion and absorption, viscoelasticity of fluids and galvanic cells are discussed. Flow phenomena cannot be described within the frame of the linear theory of irreversible processes. But they may be treated using steady-state hydrodynamic equations of non-conserved variables (e.g. of the heat current). Thus, the irreversible thermodynamics of steady-state nonlinear processes is treated in Chapter 10. In Chapter 11, a variational principle for irreversible thermodynamics is developed. Finally, Chapter 12 gives a short introduction into the thermodynamics of reversible and irreversible processes from the standpoint of a contact manifold. The work will be of broad interest to graduate students, teachers and researchers in the field of condensed matter physics, chemical physics, mechanical and aerospace engineering, and to any reader interested in irreversible thermodynamics and nonequilibrium stastistical mechanics.