At most 4 topologies can arise from iterating the de Groot dual (Q1873751)

The dual topology \(\tau^d\) for a topological space \((X,\tau)\) is defined by taking as a subbasis for the closed sets all saturated compact sets. The author shows that \(\tau^{dddd}= \tau^{dd}\) for any topological space and classifies topological spaces with respect to the number of topologies generated by the process of taking duals. This solves (partially) problem 540 of J. D. Lawson and M. Mislove in [\textit{J. van Mill} and \textit{G. M. Reed}, Open Problems in Topology, Amsterdam (1990; Zbl 0718.54001)] and improves results obtained for special spaces by B. S. Burdok and G. E. Strecker (see, e.g., [\textit{de Groot} et al. (Zbl 0186.55902) [the author's abstract, slightly modified].