Some equivalence theorems with \(K\)-functionals (Q1874479)

Let \(S\) be a set of positive measure, and let \(P(D)\) be a self-adjoint, unbounded operator on \(L^2(S)\), which has a discrete spectrum \(\{-\lambda(k)\}_{k=0}^\infty\), \(0=\lambda(0)<\lambda(1)<\cdots\). Assume that each eigenvalue has a finite dimensional eigenspace \(H_k\subset L^p(S)\cap L^{p'}(S)\), for some \(1\leq p\leq\infty\), and such that \(\overline{\text{span}}\cup H_k=L^p(S)\). If \(P_k\) denotes the projection on \(H_k\), then we may write a formal expansion \(f\sim\sum_{k=0}^\infty P_kf\). \textit{W. Chen} and \textit{Z. Ditzian} [Acta Math. Hung. 75, 165-208 (1997; Zbl 0962.41017), and \textit{Z. Ditzian}, ibid. 81, 323-348 (1998; Zbl 0929.41012)], has discussed various differential operators and their associated expansions, e.g., the one dimensional Hermite, Jacobi and Laguerre differential operators and the Laplace-Beltrami operator and the expansion into spherical harmonics. This is also the reason for the notation \(P(D)\) for the operator alluding to differential operators. For a given \(\alpha\geq 0\), one defines the fractional power of the operator, by \((-P(D))^\alpha f\) is the element \(h_\alpha\in L^p(S)\) such that \(h_\alpha\sim\sum_{k=0}^\infty \lambda(k)^\alpha P_kf\), exists. (Note that the definition in the second page of this paper is wrong.) Finally, Ditzian has introduced a \(K\)-functional associated with this \(\alpha\)-differentiation, namely, \[ K_\alpha(f,P(D),t^\alpha):=\inf{(-P(D))^\alpha g\in L^p(S)}\left(\|f-g\|+\|(-P(D))^\alpha g\|\right). \] The author proves some converse inequalities of type A relating this K-functional to the approximation of \(f\) by certain generalized Riesz means and by Cesàro means. These results extend previous results of Ditzian who has conjectured them in the above papers, but who has proved mostly type B results.