Kamlah expansion and gauge theories (Q1877774)

The authors intend to resolve the conflict in Yang-Mills theories (YMT) between variational calculability and gauge invariability of the test wave functionals. They present the projector \(P\) onto gauge invariant states. \(\psi_{ni}[A]= \langle A|\psi_{ni}\rangle\) and \[ \psi_{gi}[A]= (\int D\mu[\phi] \exp(- i\int d^3 x\phi^a(x) g^a(x)))\,\psi_{ni}[A]= P\psi_{ni}[A], \] where \(D\mu(\phi)\) symbolizes the integration over all gauge transformations parametrized by\(\phi\). They use the wave functionals \(\psi[A]\) of Gaussian form for electrodynamics (ED) and for YMT. \[ \psi[A]= N\cdot\exp\{- (A-\overline A)_i(G^{-1}/4- i\Sigma)_{ij}(A- \overline A)_j+ i\overline e_i(A-\overline A)_i\}. \] The Gauss law operator \(g^a(x)\) is \(g^a(x)=-\Gamma^a(x)+ \rho^a(x)\) in the presence of external charges, where \(\Gamma^a\): pure gauge part (generator). The Kamlah expansion for two-dimensional rotation \[ \langle\phi| He^{i\alpha\widehat J}|\phi\rangle= \sum_{k= 0\sim\infty} A_k\langle\phi|(\widehat J-\langle\widehat J\rangle)^k e^{i\alpha\widehat J}|\phi\rangle \] is extensively applied to ED and YMT, and obtain the first- and second-order approximation \[ \langle \phi| HP^{\widetilde\rho}|\phi\rangle/\langle \phi| P^{\widetilde\rho}| \phi\rangle|_{n\text{th}}, \] \(n= 1,2\), for ED, and \(E^{\text{proj}}= \langle HP\rangle/\langle P\rangle|_{2\text{nd}}\) for YMT. \((\delta/\delta\overline e_i^a) E^{\text{proj}}= 0\) is derived for YMT.