Ample families, multihomogeneous spectra, and algebraization of formal schemes. (Q1880015)

This paper is devoted to a finer analysis of a certain class of algebraic schemes generalizing quasi-projective schemes. More precisely, the authors reconsider the class of divisorial schemes, which was introduced by \textit{M. Borelli} exactly forty years ago [Pac. J. Math. 13, 375--388 (1963; Zbl 0123.38102)]. Recall that a quasi-compact and quasi-separated scheme \(X\) is called divisorial if there is a collection \(L_1, \dots, L_r\) of invertible sheaves on \(X\) satisfying the following condition: The open sets \(X_F\) for any \(f\in \Gamma(X, L_1^{d_1}\otimes\cdots\otimes L^{d_r}_r)\) and any multiindex \(d:=(d_1, \dots, d_r)\in\mathbb Z^r\) form a base of the Zariski topology of the scheme \(X\). Such a collection \(L_1, \dots, L_r\) is then called an ample family on \(X\). For instance, all quasi-projective schemes, all smooth varieties, and all locally \(\mathbb Q\)-factorial varieties are known to be divisorial in this sense. In the paper under review, the authors first generalize Grothendieck's construction of homogeneous spectra for \(\mathbb N\)-graded rings [\textit{A. Grothendieck}, EGA III, premiére partie, Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 11, 349--511 (1962; Zbl 0118.36206)] to so-called multihomogeneous spectra of multigraded rings, that is to rings graded by an arbitrary, finitely generated abelian group \(D\). For such a ring \(S=\bigoplus_{d\in D}S_d\), the multihomogeneous spectrum \(\text{Proj}(S)\) is obtained by patching certain affine open pieces \(D_+(f)=\text{Spec}(S_{(f)})\), where \(f\in S\) are special homogeneous elements in \(S\). In the particular case of \(\mathbb N^r\)-graded rings, a similar construction has been carried out by \textit{P. Roberts} [``Multiplicities and Chern classes in local algebra'', Camb. Tracts Math. 133 (1998; Zbl 0917.13007)] As the authors point out, their multihomogeneous spectra share many properties of the classical homogeneous spectra, but are possibly non-separated. In the sequel, the authors relate multihomogeneous spectra to divisorial schemes and simplicial toric varieties. In this context, one of their main results states that a scheme is divisorial if and only if it admits an embedding into a suitable multihomogeneous spectrum of a multigraded ring. This follows from a characterization of ample families on a scheme \(X\) in terms of the multihomogeneous spectrum \(\text{Proj}(S)\) for the multigraded ring \(S:=\bigoplus_{d\in\mathbb N}^r\Gamma(X,L^{d_1}_1\dots L^{d_r}_r)\). Moreover, generalizing \textit{H. Grauert}'s classical criterion of ampleness [Math. Ann. 146, 331--368 (1962; Zbl 0173.33004)] to families of invertible sheaves, the authors also characterize ample familiea, and therefore divisorial schemes, in terms of affine hulls and contraction maps. In addition, they provide a cohomological characterization of divisoriality, which may be regarded as an analogue of Serre's criterion of ampleness. Finally, as an application of the foregoing results, Grothendieck's algebraization theorem for formal schemes [\textit{A. Grothendieck}, ``Techniques de construction et théorèmes d'existence en géométrie algébrique. III: Préschémas quotients.'' Sem. Bourbaki 13 (1960/61), No.212, 20 p. (1961; Zbl 0235.14007)] is generalized as follows: A proper formal scheme \({\mathcal X}\to\text{Spf}(R)\) is algebraizable if there is a finite collection of invertible formal sheaves restricting to an ample family on the closed fibre and satisfying an additional technical condition. All these very substantial results are comprehensively derived in the six sections of the present paper, and that in an utmost lucid, detailed and rigorous manner, with numerous clarifying remarks and bibliographical references.