Nonlinear approximation with dictionaries. I: Direct estimates (Q1882639)

Let \(X\) be a Banach space, and let \({\mathcal D}\) be a countable family of unit vectors of \(X\), called dictionary. The main purpose of the paper is to study certain classes of elements \(f\in X\) that can be approximated by \(m\) elements of \({\mathcal D}\) with some (theoretical) algorithm. By using two parameters \(\alpha\in (0,\infty)\) and \(q\in(0,\infty]\) there are introduced three classes \({\mathcal A}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D})\), \({\mathcal I}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D})\) and \({\mathcal C}^\infty_q({\mathcal D})\) associated with the best \(m\)-term approximation, the thresholding approximation and the Chebyshev approximation, respectively. These classes satisfy the following set inclusions: \[ {\mathcal I}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D})\subset{\mathcal C}_q^\alpha ({\mathcal D})\subset {\mathcal A}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D}). \] Furthermore, the authors introduce for \(\tau\in (0,\infty]\) and \(q\in (0,\infty)\) a so-called sparsity class \({\mathcal K}^\tau_q({\mathcal D})\) in \(X\) and deal with Jackson type embeddings of the sparsity classes into the mentioned approximation classes. It is shown that: (i) for any \(\tau\in (0,1)\) and \(q\in (0,\infty]\), a universal Jackson embedding \({\mathcal K}^\tau_q({\mathcal D})\hookrightarrow{\mathcal A}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D})\) holds with \(\alpha:= 1/\tau-1\); (ii) if \(X\) is a Banach space with modulus of smoothness of power-type \(p\in (1,2]\), then for any \(\tau\in (0,1]\) a Chebyshev-Jackson embedding \({\mathcal K}^\tau_\tau({\mathcal D})\hookrightarrow{\mathcal C}^\alpha_\infty({\mathcal D})\) holds with \(\alpha:= 1/\tau- 1/p\); (iii) if \(p\in (1,\infty)\) and \({\mathcal D}\) is a so-called \(\ell^p_1\)-Hilbertian dictionary, then for any \(\tau\in (0,p)\) and \(q\in (0,\infty]\) a thresholding-Jackson embedding \({\mathcal K}^\tau_q({\mathcal D})\hookrightarrow{\mathcal I}^\alpha_q({\mathcal D})\) holds with \(\alpha:= 1/\tau- 1/p\). At the end of the paper there are given examples of \(\ell^p_1\)-Hilbertian dictionaries that allow to illustrate how the thresholding-Jackson embedding recovers some known results concerning nonlinear approximation in \(L^p\) spaces and in modulation spaces.