Hopf algebroids with bijective antipodes: axioms, integrals, and duals. (Q1883015)

Motivated by the symmetry structure of depth 2 Frobenius extensions, the authors introduce a new definition of a `Hopf algebroid'. Although there is a consensus how to generalise the notion of a bialgebra over a commutative ring to a bialgebra over a non-commutative ring thus resulting in the notion of a `bialgebroid', similar attempts to generalise a Hopf algebra led to several non-equivalent notions of a Hopf algebroid. In the present paper the authors propose a new definition of a Hopf algebroid that carries very interesting symmetry and duality properties, most closely generalising those enjoyed by Hopf algebras. Similar to the transition from modules over a commutative ring to left or right modules over a non-commutative ring, there are two possible versions of a bialgebroid: a left bialgebroid and a right bialgebroid. The basic idea of the authors' definition of a Hopf algebroid (explained in Proposition~4.2~(iii)) is that it is an Abelian group which is at the same time a left and right bialgebroid (over different albeit closely related base rings) and that the left and right structures are related by the (bijective) antipode. The authors discuss the relationship of their definition of a Hopf algebroid with those in existing literature. In particular they construct an explicit example that shows that their definition is not a special case of that of \textit{J.-H. Lu} [Int. J. Math. 7, No. 1, 47-70 (1996; Zbl 0884.17010)]. They also indicate that their Hopf algebroids are a special case of the \(\times_R\)-Hopf algebras of \textit{P. Schauenburg} [Contemp. Math. 267, 273-299 (2000; Zbl 0974.16036)]. Finally they indicate a very close relationship between their definition and the categorical definition of \textit{B. Day} and \textit{R. Street} [in Fields Inst. Commun. 43, 187-225 (2004; Zbl 1067.18006)]. As the motivating example of this new definition the Hopf algebroid symmetry of depth 2 Frobenius extensions is described. The authors introduce the notion of a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid and show that the constituent bialgebroids of a Hopf algebroid with such an integral are finite and are Frobenius extensions of their base rings. Furthermore, if there exists a non-degenerate integral in a Hopf algebroid, then all four dual bialgebroids are mutually (anti-)isomorphic and themselves can be made into Hopf algebroids.